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Telephony
Published in J. Dunlop, D. G. Smith, Telecommunications Engineering, 2017
We saw in Section 10.33 that the channels on a PCM link are structured into a frame and multiframe arrangement so that any attempt to interconnect calling and called subscribers will require a timeslot adjustment; see Fig. 10.40 for an example. Five subscribers on the inlet side of a multiplexor are able to call subscribers on the output side; if, for example, subscriber C on inlet timeslot 3 wants to be connected to subscriber V on outlet timeslot 4, the inlet sample must be delayed in the switch for one timslot before being sent out on timeslot 4 for the connection. The type of switch designed to provide the appropriate delay is called a time switch. The sample from the inlet channel is stored in a buffer and then read out when the appropriate output timeslot arrives. Figure 10.41 illustrates the way in which this is done. Synchronization is obtained from the frame and multiframe alignment signals in the PCM format (Section 10.33). Each input timeslot word is stored in a buffer. A control store holds information on the time at which each sample has to be read out. At the appropriate time this control store connects the data buffer to the output line. The control store instructions are derived from a central processing unit which responds to the call request from subscribers.
Multi-objective optimization of fed-batch bioreactor for lysine production
Published in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2023
Ashish M. Gujarathi, Swaprabha P. Patel, Badria Al Siyabi
The yield increases during batch time operation (ts1), and the productivity decreases. Thus, the conflict is observed for yield and productivity objectives mainly due to the initial time of batch operation (ts1). Figures 6c,d show that the fed-batch operation time is between (39.0–39.9 h). Some of the points using MODE-III-IMS acquired the lower bound of the time switch 2 (ts2). However, for DV ts2, MODE-III converged to the upper limit values. Although the non-dominated solutions seem to be scattered in Figures 6e,f, however, most of them belong to the upper bound of the final fed-batch operation time (ts,f) between 39.9 and 40 h. Figures 6(g,h) show that all of the NDS correspond to the lower bound of the initial volume x5(t0) roughly equal to 5 L.
Joint optimisation of uncertain distributed manufacturing and preventive maintenance for semiconductor wafers considering multi-energy complementary
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2023
Step 1. Judge whether the energy generated from the DERs at time meets the energy demand . If , go to Step 2. If , and the current time belongs to the off-peak time, switch to the main grid supply mode and go to Step 3. Otherwise, the current time belongs to the peak time, then switch to ESS for power supply. If (), the energy consumption of machines is also from renewable energy. In the event of , then start MT to generate power energy and heat energy . In the event of , then switch to the main grid power supply mode, and go to Step 4. If not, it represents that the current energy consumption comes from the cooperative supply mode of renewable energy and gas.
Power Management Using One Cycle Control Strategy for Triple Input Single Output Fly Back DC–DC Converter
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2022
P. Hema Rani, K. Manikanta, Saly George, S. Ashok
where n = 1, 2, 3, …, N indicates the no. of inputs, Pn = power delivered by nth input, = average switch current of nth input, and input voltage. It is considered that the ripple current in the inductor to be low enough such that Integrating between the limits for the time switch is conducting, the equation can be written as