China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Optical Fibre Communications
Published in Abdul Al-Azzawi, Photonics, 2017
DS1 is sometimes called transport level-1 (T1). T1 is the optimal rate for accessing low-level devices. It is a type of telephone service capable of transporting the equivalent of 24 conventional telephone lines, using only two pairs of wires. T1 uses two pairs of copper wires (four individual wires) to carry up to 24 simultaneous conversations (channels) that would normally need one pair of wires each. Each 64 Kbit/s channel can be configured to carry voice or data traffic. Most telephone companies allow customers to buy just some of these individual channels, a service called fractional T1. Typically, fractional T1 lines are sold in increments of 56 Kbps (the extra 8 Kbps per channel are used for administration purposes). One of the most common uses of a T1 line is an Internet T1. This connection is used to provide Internet access to businesses of all sizes, assisting these businesses to meet the challenges of e-commerce. A T1 line can transmit large amounts of data at speeds of 256 Kbit/s, 512 Kbit/s, 1.544 Mbit/s, and sometimes 3 Mbit/s.
Optical Fibre Communications
Published in Abdul Al-Azzawi, Fibre Optics, 2017
DS1 is sometimes called transport level-1 (T1). T1 is the optimal rate for accessing low-level devices. It is a type of telephone service capable of transporting the equivalent of 24 conventional telephone lines, using only two pairs of wires. T1 uses two pairs of copper wires (four individual wires) to carry up to 24 simultaneous conversations (channels) that would normally need one pair of wires each. Each 64 Kbit/s channel can be configured to carry voice or data traffic. Most telephone companies allow customers to buy just some of these individual channels, a service called fractional T1. Typically, fractional T1 lines are sold in increments of 56 Kbps (the extra 8Kbps per channel are used for administration purposes). One of the most common uses of a T1 line is an Internet T1. This connection is used to provide Internet access to businesses of all sizes, assisting these businesses to meet the challenges of e-commerce. A T1 line can transmit large amounts of data at speeds of 256 Kbit/s, 512 Kbit/s, 1.544 Mbit/s, and sometimes 3 Mbit/s.
Optical-Fibre Communications
Published in Abdul Al-Azzawi, Fibre Optics, 2017
DS1 is sometimes called transport level-1 (T1). T1 is the optimal rate for accessing low-level devices. It is a type of telephone service capable of transporting the equivalent of 24 conventional telephone lines, using only two pairs of wires. T1 uses two pairs of copper wires (four individual wires) to carry up to 24 simultaneous conversations (channels) that would normally need one pair of wires each. Each 64 Kbit/s channel can be configured to carry voice or data traffic. Most telephone companies allow customers to buy just some of these individual channels, a service called fractional T1. Typically, fractional T1 lines are sold in increments of 56 Kbps (the extra 8 Kbps per channel are used for administration purposes). One of the most common uses of a T1 line is an Internet T1. This connection is used to provide the Internet access to businesses of all sizes, assisting these businesses to meet the challenges of e-commerce. A T1 line can transmit large amounts of data at speeds of 256 Kbit/s, 512 Kbit/s, 1.544 Mbit/s and sometimes 3 Mbit/s.
Comparative evaluation of memristor-based compact 4T2M SRAM with different memristor models
Published in International Journal of Electronics Letters, 2023
Md. Shakib Ibne Ashrafi, Md Hasan Maruf, ASM Shihavuddin, Syed Iftekhar Ali
Conventional SRAM uses six transistors for its cell design. Among the six transistors, four transistors are responsible for latching flip-flops to store each bit. Two transistors are used as access transistors. This paper develops four transistors and two memristor-based SRAMs, which are shown in Figure 3. The PMOS transistors of 6T SRAM are being replaced by two memristors. The rest of the design is similar to 6T SRAM. The access transistors T1 & T2 will be turned on when the word line is high, and the data is stored through the access transistors in nodes Q & QB (Q Bar) following BL (Bit Line) and BLB (Bit Line Bar) during the write operation. T4 will be on and T3 will be off if Q stores ‘1’ and QB stores ‘0’. As a result, the current will move through M2’s positive and M1’s negative polarity. So, M2’s memoristance is altered to HRS (High Resistance State) and M1’s memristance is changed to LRS (Low Resistance State). Similarly, during the write operation, if Q stores ‘0’ and QB stores ‘1’, the memoristance of M1& M2 will be flipped. By contrasting the voltage between Q and QB, the data from the storage are ready to read. When the WL (Word Line) is zero, the two access transistors T1 & T2 are off, the SRAM cell cannot be accessed and the linked transistors’ contents stay unaltered as long as the supply voltage is present.
A Novel Classification and Synchronous Noise Removal During Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2021
The noninverting topology, as illustrated in Figure 3(b), is simulated for input, with the control code ‘c’ being 2. When the input is 0, the p-transistor switches off and the n-transistor which is controlled by the control bit S1 = 1 switches on but turns off the p-transistor, thereby disconnecting Vdd with the next consecutive n-transistor controlled by control bit T1 = 1. In accordance to the value of T1 = 1, the n-transistor switches on. Hence ‘1’ is transmitted to one of the inputs of the NAND gate. By a similar operation, the second delay element has produced a value of 0, then the output from the noninverting block is ‘1’, hence the NAND of ‘1’ and ‘1’ results in the output ‘0’ which is the same as the input. Even though the control code is 2, there are no glitches in the output.
Electric vehicle regional management system based on the BSP model and multi-information fusion
Published in Systems Science & Control Engineering, 2021
The main body of the system is divided into three parts: T1, T2, and T3. The T1 area is the subsystem area (sub-node), the T2 area is the system information transmission content, and the T3 area is the system master station. The T1 area detects the surrounding environment information of the EV, and then transmits the serial number, verification information, alarm flag bit, working status bit, and vehicle safety bit information of the EV through the T2 area. The T3 area transmits commands to the T1 area via network communication, and sends the alarm information to the user’s mobile phone through the gateway module. The overall structure is illustrated in Figure 8.