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Threats
Published in Ron Burch, Resilient Space Systems Design: An Introduction, 2019
Adverse conditions are not the result of intentional human actions and include terrestrial and space environmental conditions that can interrupt system operations. Examples include severe weather, “acts of God” such as earthquakes, or a meteoroid or piece of orbital debris striking a satellite. These are often treated as random events which can be anticipated, but the exact timing and severity are unknown. In space, space weather due to solar activity is a concern, including coronal discharge, solar flares, and other phenomena. Additionally, there is the growing threat of a conjunction between a spacecraft and orbital debris. Severe terrestrial weather can also impact RF communications links between the satellite and the ground station and users. In some instances, there is a warning, permitting threat mitigation actions to be activated in an attempt to avoid the threat, while other times there is not.
Geomagnetic Disturbances and Impacts upon Power System Operation
Published in Leonard L. Grigsby, and Distribution: The Electric Power Engineering Handbook, 2018
Reliance of society on electricity for meeting essential needs has steadily increased over the years. This unique energy service requires coordination of electrical supply, demand, and delivery—all occurring at the same instant. Geomagnetic disturbances that arise from phenomena driven by solar activity commonly called space weather can cause correlated and geographically widespread disruption to these complex power grids. The disturbances to the earth’s magnetic field causes geomagnetically induced currents (GICs, a near DC current typically with f < 0.01 Hz) to flow through the power system, entering and exiting the many grounding points on a transmission network. Geomagnetically induced currents are produced when shocks resulting from sudden and severe magnetic storms subject portions of the earth’s surface to fluctuations in the planet’s normally quiescent magnetic field. These fluctuations induce electric fields across the earth’s surface—which causes GICs to flow through transformers, power system lines, and grounding points. Only a few amperes (amps) are needed to disrupt transformer operation, but over 300 A have been measured in the grounding connections of transformers in affected areas. Unlike threats due to ordinary weather, space weather can readily create large-scale problems because the footprint of a storm can extend across a continent. As a result, simultaneous widespread stress occurs across a power grid to the point where correlated widespread failures and even regional blackouts may occur.
Extreme Environment Electronics in NASA’s Heliophysics Vision
Published in John D. Cressler, H. Alan Mantooth, Extreme Environment Electronics, 2017
The changes in solar activity are called space weather. The consequences of space weather are called space weather effects. These effects include Enhanced electromagnetic activity that can affect radio transmissionsAuroraEnhanced levels of charged particles in the Van Allen–trapped radiation beltsEnhanced radiation dose to spacecraft and aircraft crew members that fly over the polesDisruption in power transmission in the higher latitudesSingle event effects in electronics, particularly in spacecraft and aircraft flying over the poles
A Comparative Study of non-deep Learning, Deep Learning, and Ensemble Learning Methods for Sunspot Number Prediction
Published in Applied Artificial Intelligence, 2022
Yuchen Dang, Ziqi Chen, Heng Li, Hai Shu
Human activities and various events on Earth are strongly intertwined with solar activity (Hathaway 2015; Pulkkinen 2007). An increase in solar activity includes increases in extreme ultraviolet and X-ray emissions from the Sun toward Earth, resulting in the atmospheric heating that can be harmful to spacecrafts, satellites and radars (Lybekk et al. 2012; Ruohoniemi and Greenwald 1997; Walterscheid 1989). Increased solar flares and coronal mass ejections due to high solar activity can damage the communication and power systems on Earth (Lewandowski 2015). The approximately 11-year cyclic pattern of solar activity seems easily predictable, but the cycle varies in both amplitude and duration (Cameron and Schüssler 2017). Accurate prediction of solar activity is thus of great interest to estimate the expected impact of space weather on space missions and societal technologies.
Study of space plasma waves with flow
Published in Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, 2022
T. Smith, K. Strong, S. Ibenki, S. Sen
As mentioned above, the ionosphere plays a major role in space weather due to its important influence on the propagation of electromagnetic waves. A variety of physical phenomena associated with space weather, including geomagnetic storms and substorms, energization of the Van Allen radiations belts, ionospheric disturbances and scintillation and geomagnetically induced currents at Earth’s surface, are directly or indirectly related to various waves, instabilities and turbulences generated in the space plasma environment of the upper atmosphere. So, the proposed research will benefit all ‘technological systems’ that encounter space weather induced problems, such as, the electrical networks for power transmission, space-borne synthetic aperture radars, global positioning and navigation systems using satellites, geomagnetic surveys, and pipelines (corrosion effects), etc.
Powering a Space Environment Research Laboratory (SERL): Hybrid Renewable Energy System or Diesel System?
Published in Energy Engineering, 2019
Adedoja Oluwaseye Samson, Olubayo Moses Babatunde, Iheanacho Henry Denwigwe
Provision of stable, clean and economical energy supply is at the forefront and an aspiration for many countries around the world. The growth of energy demand and dwindling natural resources are major factors liable for an upsurge of energy cost. The population and infrastructure are continuously increasing around the world. This has led to an increase in energy demand while the quest for an environmentally safe energy source is also on the rise. Furthermore, environmental pollution and greenhouse gas consequences from the use of fossil fuel are becoming a menace to the society, which must be addressed. It has already been established that science and technology are the main drivers for the development of every nation. This is because, technological and scientific revolutions support economic developments, underpin security, improve energy sector, and promote educational growth. To promote technology innovation, developing countries need to advance in science and technology. Of particular interest is the space weather research activities. The technological revolutions of the 21st century are strongly evolving and changing the way people live, connect, communicate and even transact. Space weather affects telecommunication, satellite communication, and agriculture, which relate to socioeconomic growth [1] - [3].