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Advances in electrochemically active bacteria: Physiology and ecology
Published in Maximilian Lackner, Philipp Stadler, Wilhelm Grabow, Handbook of Online and Near-real-time Methods in Microbiology, 2017
A.C. Marques, L. Santos, J.M. Dantas, A. Gonçalves, S. Casaleiro, R. Martins, C.A. Salgueiro, E. Fortunato
The work reports a colorimetric sensor based on Lab-on-Paper technology (Veigas et al. 2012, Costa et al. 2014). Lab-on-Paper technology was first introduced in 2007 by George Whitesides group as a method for patterning paper to create well-defined, millimeter-sized channels, comprising hydrophilic paper bound by hydrophobic polymer, photoresist or wax (Martinez et al. 2007, Costa et al. 2014). In this paper-based platform, wax printing was used to define reaction zones for EAB identification, since it is the fastest and simplest fabrication method reported to date. This approach uses a solid ink printer, in which the ink is supplied as solid wax that is melted before being ejected from the print head and solidifies immediately onto the paper surface. The technology generates up to 90 per cent less printing waste than comparable color laser printers because there are no cartridges to dispose of and less packaging to add to landfills. Solid ink is formulated from a non-toxic resin-based polymer and is safe to handle. The printed paper is then processed on a hot plate (140°C, 2 min), allowing the wax to diffuse vertically through all the paper thickness, creating hydrophobic barriers that define hydrophilic reaction zones (Martinez et al. 2010, Jokerst et al. 2012, Liana et al. 2012, Costa et al. 2014). Lastly, a WO3 NPs aqueous dispersion is drop casted in the defined reaction zones, ensuring no cross-contamination between adjacent samples as well as confinement of the WO3 nanoparticles dispersion to one particular area (Fig. 9a).
Journey from 2D to 5D Printing: A Brief Review
Published in Purna Chandra Mishra, Muhamad Mat Noor, Anh Tuan Hoang, Advances in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 2022
Swayam Bikash Mishra, Mohammed Sadique Khan, Dipabrata Banerjee, M. Ajay Kumar
Earlier various techniques are used for 2D printing. Some of the older printing machines are Daisy-Wheel, Dot-Matrix, Line Printers, Solid Ink Printers, Plotters, etc. Each of these Printing methods has their own merits and demerits. In daisy wheel, a ribbon is pressed by a hammer on a metal or plastic wheel on which shapes of texts characters are etched similar to that of a typewriter. Thus, the impression on the ribbon makes an ink mark of the form on the paper. Printing of graphics with this technology was difficult. In case of Dot-Matrix technology, the impression on ribbon is created by striking pins according to the required shape of the characters, whereas in the Line Printers, pins or a chain of characters print complete line at a time. These printers work fast but at the same time quality of print is less. Solid waxy ink sticks are used in solid ink printers, as an imaging material on paper. The ink is melted with an inbuilt heater and sprayed on the paper. This technique consumes lot of energy required for the melting the in ink stick, but it can produce a better quality graphics and texts as well. Offset printing becomes popular during 1875 AD. In this technique an inked picture is shifted from a plate to a rubber blanket after that, it is printed on a paper. It is a fast method of printing which is still used in various printing presses. In 20th century inkjet printing came in to place. In this technique, fine droplet jet of ink is deposited on the paper to be printed. For larger image plotters are used which is a modification of inkjet printers. The graphics are created by the use of special pens which are being filled by in from connected ink bottles. The plotters are generally used to print in the field of engineering and architecture. For fast and good quality 2D prints, Laser Printers are being used now a day. It is an electrostatic digital printing process. Laser beams are made to pass over a drum which is charged negatively, to give good quality texts and image. LED printing methods uses light emitting diodes to produce 2D image on papers rather than a laser in case of laser printer. Some predefined heated pins are pushed against the heated paper to create texts in thermal printing method. These are generally used in ATMs, Swipe machines, etc. in Dye-Sublimation method, a heater is used to transfer dye on to the printing materials such as papers, fabrics, lathers, etc. [8, 9, 10].
Polychlorinated biphenyl detection in organic solvents with paper-based analytical devices
Published in Environmental Technology, 2021
Daohong Zhang, Yufei Wang, Chaocan Li, Xiaopeng Zhang
The paper microzone was fabricated according to literature protocols [18]. Briefly, paper microzone was designed using Adobe Illustrator software (Adobe Systems Incorporated, San Jose, CA). The pattern was printed on Whatman #1 cellulose paper using a Xerox ColorQube8580 solid ink printer (Xerox Corporation, Norwalk, CT). The printed wax ink was melted on a hot plate at 150°C for 2 min to generate hydrophobic area. The paper microzone was stored in an ambient condition before use.