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Input Capture
Published in Syed R. Rizvi, Microcontroller Programming, 2016
The crossing of the finish line by the athlete is an event. There are thousands of applications that sense a wide range of events. An event may be defined as a change in behavior such as a signal transition. The change in state of a signal from high to low, or low to high is called a signal transition. Events are categorized into internal and external events. If an event is created from within HC11 and sent to some external device, it is called an output event. We dealt with output events in Chapter 9. Additionally, if an external source sends a signal that is sensed by the HC11, it is called an input event.
Modeling car-following behavior during queue discharge at signalized intersections with countdown timer
Published in Transportation Letters, 2022
Bijul Raveendran, Tom V. Mathew, Nagendra R. Velaga
Studies on the impact of timer on driver behavior have mainly tried to address how they affect the safety and efficiency of signalized intersections (Fu et al. 2016b). There is a safety-efficiency trade-off when countdown timer is present (Sharma et al. 2012). On the one hand, in specific scenarios, drivers tend to be aggressive by prioritizing efficiency while passing through the intersection. On the other hand, in particular scenarios, they tend to be defensive, prioritizing safety. In addition, existing studies have analyzed the impact of timer, emphasizing the variation in driver behavior as vehicles cross the stop-line. But the temporal (based on the time remaining in green phase) and spatial (based on the position of vehicle from the stop-line) effects they have on the discharging vehicles before the stop-line have not been explored except during the signal transition phase (Fu et al. 2016b; Yu and Shi 2015; Biswas, Ghosh, and Chandra 2017). There is enough evidence to assume that driver anticipation contributes to variation in driver behavior during the green phase even before vehicles reach the stop-line (Toledo 2007; Kesting and Treiber 2008). Therefore, this paper models the queue discharge in the presence of timer.
Single event transient study on PMOS-NMOS cross-coupled LC-VCO using PLL
Published in International Journal of Electronics, 2021
The ideal parallel LC-tank circuit shown in Figure 1(a) can act as an oscillator due to its resonant behaviour. An impulse current injected in the LC tank cause perturbation in the phase and amplitude of the steady state tank output. This perturbation remains indefinitely for an ideal case. From the general arguments framed in (Hajimiri and Lee (1998)), injected current pulse changes the capacitor voltage by while the inductor current remains unaffected. The change in capacitor voltage can be given as , where charge injected by the impulse current. The pulse injected at the zero crossing of the capacitor voltage produce more phase shift and minimal amplitude shift. On the contrary, pulse injected near the peak of the capacitor voltage produce minimal phase shift and more amplitude shift. To account for the maximum phase displacement caused by ion hit, the pulse is injected at the zero crossing (middle of the signal transition) of the oscillation signal in this work.
Network-wide traffic signal control based on the discovery of critical nodes and deep reinforcement learning
Published in Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2020
Ming Xu, Jianping Wu, Ling Huang, Rui Zhou, Tian Wang, Dongmei Hu
An agent chooses an action from the set of available actions at a regular interval according to its observations. In general, traffic signals refer to three color phases, green signal allows the vehicles to go through the intersection, yellow signal warns the vehicles to slow down for the coming red signal, and red signal prohibits any vehicle from proceeding. In general, the possible settings of signal phases are East-West Green (EWG), East-West Left-turn Green (EWLG), North-South Green (NSG) and North-South Left-turn Green (NSLG). A naïve method is to consider each color setting of signal phases as an action. However, this step does not conform to the typical traffic signal control conventions and may cause traffic chaos. To be safe, the sequence of setting signal phases should be in loop mode, i.e., ··· → EWG → EWLG → NSG → NSLG → EWG → ···. Therefore, we give only two possible actions as {N, A}, where N represents keeping current signal phase unchanged; A represents making the transition from current signal phase to the next. In addition, a yellow phase spanning three seconds is added before the signal transition from green to red, which is not treated as an action for DRQN and automatically executes by traffic signal control system.