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Level Indication and Metering
Published in Douglas Self, Small Signal Audio Design, 2020
A plasma display [4] consists of a large number of gas-filled cells between two glass plates, which glow when energised with a high voltage. The cells are addressed by long electrode strips which run in the X-direction on one glass plate and in the Y-direction on the other. When voltages are suitably applied, only the cell at the crossing point of one X and one Y electrode will glow. Plasma displays were used in the SSL 4000 and 5000 consoles and in the Neve V1, V2, V3, and VR consoles, amongst others. These were neon-filled, giving an orange glow. The plasma modules used by Neve combined PPM and VU characteristic bar graphs in one module; each bar graph was composed of 100 steps. They operate from 248 V DC, a voltage which requires considerable respect. That does not in itself make driving the displays difficult, because such a voltage can be switched with a couple of MPSA42/92 transistors. This only needs to be implemented once, as the switching of the steps is done by a multiplexing process.
Optoelectronics – solid state optical devices
Published in David Jiles, Introduction to the Electronic Properties of Materials, 2017
Colour plasma displays (CPDs) now include a full range of colours in the visible spectrum. They provide high levels of brightness and contrast, wide viewing angles and a rapid refresh rate. The principles of operation of the display are the same as those of fluorescent tube lighting that is used for ambient light sources. Recent improvements in depth of colour, efficiency and luminescence have enabled this type of display to be used in televisions. Colour plasma displays can be produced with lifetimes in excess of 10 000 h, which meets the requirements of commercial television screens. Colour plasma displays are therefore ideal for the large wall-hung television screens, and they are currently being used in 42″ (1.07 m) display screens. In the future, this type of display is likely to be the first choice technology for large-area displays. CPDs with 60" (1.5 m) diagonals have been produced [29].
Plasma-Driven Flat Panel Displays
Published in John G. Webster, Halit Eren, Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook, 2017
Robert T. McGrath, Ramanapathy Veerasingam, William C. Moffatt, Robert B. Campbell
Plasma-driven flat panel displays offer a number of advantages over competing display technologies. The highly nonlinear electrical behavior of each pixel, with inherent memory properties, can be used to advantage in design of the drive electronics required to refresh and to update the pixel array of the display. The simplicity of the pixel design makes large-area manufacturing problems, such as alignment and film thickness uniformity, somewhat more manageable. Relative to color active matrix liquid crystal displays (AMLCDs) which use a thin-film transistor (TFT) to control each pixel, less-complicated manufacturing and less-complicated drive electronics give plasma flat panel displays advantage for large-area applications. On the other hand, plasma displays require more robust drive electronics with voltages of 100–275 V. Plasma displays are also not well suited for portable applications since power consumption is high relative to other display technologies, but not restrictive for office or domestic use. The 76 cm (30 in.) diagonal color display manufactured by Photonics Imaging shown in Figure 93.4 has a peak power consumption of only 300 W [23]. At high power levels, plasma-driven flat panel displays are bright enough to be readable in sunlight. The displays are also easily adjusted to a low-ambient-light condition by discharge amplitude or frequency modulation.
An extensive study on the neutron-gamma shielding and mass stopping power of (70-x) CRT–30K2O–xBaO glass system for 252Cf neutron source
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
Mucize Sarihan, Roya Boodaghi Malidarre, Iskender Akkurt
Nowadays, the use of cathode ray tube (CRT) waste glass in electric and electronic equipment like television, computer monitors, etc. is limited and they are rapidly replaced by thinner Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) or Plasma Display Panel (PDP) systems [1–7]. In addition, the CRT waste glass contains a large amount of Lead (Pb) element that has toxic nature, and it can reach the soil and water through different processes, as a result, it causes intellectual impairment in children, and it can be dangerous for the nervous as well as healthy organs of the body [6,7]. Thus, it will endanger the environment and human body if it is managed inappropriately. In addition, it is estimated that in the future and in different countries millions of tons of CRT waste technologies experience end-of-life and need to be recycled [3–9]. In response to this global issue, many studies were done to safely eliminate the hazardous effect of CRT waste glass and protect the environment from this universal worry. Hence, by correctly reusing the CRT waste glass, their environmental impacts will be minimized [8]. Moreover, by developing the technology, the use of radiation applications become so common in different fields of industry, agriculture, medical purposes, etc. and consequently, finding a convenient shielding material and producing alternative composites especially using the recycling system is very important for this purpose.
Oscillating flow heat transfer: a comprehensive review
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Mahmadrafik Choudhari, Bajirao S. Gawali, Jitendra D. Patil
Walchli et al. (Wälchli et al. 2010) developed a radially oscillating liquid heat spreading system for electronic cooling. A maximum cooling performance of 180 W/cm2 was achieved at ∆T = 67 K with pumping power of 1 W. This system consists of four membrane pumps operating with a phase lag to bring constant speed. Due to this arrangement, heat is continuously transferred from liquid to heat sink and then into the air. Sung (Kim, Kim, and Choi 2009) developed a water-filled thin rectangular heat spreader for cooling of 1.06 m (42 inches) plasma display panel subjected to oscillating flow. Due to the rise in tidal displacement and frequency, thermal dispersion increases. The hot and cold region temperature difference decreased by up to 47.5% in a horizontal arrangement and 39.8% in a vertical arrangement due to oscillating flow. A new Micro Heat Spreader (MHS) device was invented for electronics cooling of large and concentrated heat load subjected to reciprocating flow. It is observed that low-density and viscous fluid with high thermal conductivity is preferred in the cooling section. Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian spectral element algorithm is used to solve two-dimensional Navier–Stokes and heat transport equations. It is done to validate the MHS concept numerically (Sert and Beskok 2002). The same study extended for the two-dimensional channels and gave optimum conditions to produce a high rate of heat transport in the reciprocating flow (Sert and Beskok 2003).
The Meandering Life of a Research Trajectory: Rare Earths in the Aubervilliers Research Centre (1953–2020)
Published in Ambix, 2021
Another crucial research line concerned the already mentioned phosphors. First used in colour television sets and then in light bulbs, by the early 1990s they made their way into plasma display panels (the CRA collaborated over this pioneering technology with French giant Thomson, the same one that initiated the study on phosphors in 1972), liquid crystal display panels, and especially trichromatic lamps.55 The major brand in the field was Luminostar, which is still manufactured and marketed by Solvay (as of 2021).56 Nevertheless, like catalysis, in the 2010s the research on phosphors was discontinued due to the closure of key global markets: both plasma TV sets and trichromatic lamps were replaced by LEDs, which still use rare earth elements but in considerably smaller quantities. Unlike pigments and catalysis, the decline of phosphors was a slow and long-term process for which the CRA's engineers were prepared. While at the margin of the centre's ongoing research activities, the competence developed in the field of phosphors helped in building expertise in light conversion films for agricultural applications, a topic currently being studied at the CRA.57