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Reflection and Refraction
Published in Ajawad I. Haija, M. Z. Numan, W. Larry Freeman, Concise Optics, 2018
Ajawad I. Haija, M. Z. Numan, W. Larry Freeman
For a more detailed discussion of specular reflection, the following definitions are needed:Light ray: The surface of any advancing wave is called wave front. In case the source is far away from a viewer, the wave front at the observation site becomes a plane. The line normal to the wave front, spherical or planar, defines a light ray in that direction. The ray is indicated by the straight line drawn from a point on the source to the point of interest. The straight line propagation of light is used here to describe this phenomenon.The angle of incidence of a light ray on a surface is defined as the angle between the incident ray and the normal to the surface at the point of incidence. The angle of reflection of a light ray off a surface is defined as the angle between the reflected ray and the normal to the surface at the point of incidence.The plane of incidence is the plane containing the incident ray and the normal to the surface at the point of incidence. The plane of reflection is the plane that contains the reflected ray and the normal to the surface. For specular surfaces, the incident and reflected rays along with the normal line all form a single plane.
Simulations of Optical Processes in Organic Photovoltaic Devices
Published in Sun Sam-Shajing, Sariciftci Niyazi Serdar, Organic Photovoltaics, 2017
Nils-Krister Persson, Olle Inganäs
Going by the conventional way of building PV devices in a stacked sandwichlike fashion, the structure lends itself to a one-dimensional model. The directions are indicated in Figure 5.1 where + indicates down into the device, and – upstream. The plane of incidence is defined by the plane normal, the incident, and the (specular) reflected ray. By “p”, we indicate light with polarization parallel to the plane of incidence and by “s” (from German senkrecht) we mean vertical or perpendicular light. It is always possible to decompose light into these two directions. It is sufficient to follow only one ray hitting the surface at a certain point, which is the origin. A Cartesian coordinate system is introduced, Oxyz, with x and y in the plane and z into the device, perpendicular to the plane surface, x and y will sometimes be summarized with ‖ and z with ⊥.
Ray Tracing
Published in Daniel Malacara-Hernández, Brian J. Thompson, Fundamentals and Basic Optical Instruments, 2017
Ricardo Flores-Hernández, Armando Gómez-Vieyra
All of this is based in the field of geometrical optics, which is the study of the ray propagation of light, which can be described with a few simple geometrical relationships and principles: The law of rectilinear propagation. The law of reflection that states that the outgoing ray lies in the plane of incidence and the angle of reflection is equal in magnitude to the angle of incidence (particular case of Snell's law for n′ = −n).The law of refraction (Snell's Law).The law of reversibility.
Two-dimensional modelling of systematic surface height deviations in optical interference microscopy based on rigorous near field calculation
Published in Journal of Modern Optics, 2020
Tobias Pahl, Sebastian Hagemeier, Lucie Hüser, Weichang Xie, Peter Lehmann
The presented simulation model is based on the investigation of Bao et al. [31,32]. Figure 1(b) outlines the geometry including the labels of the different boundaries. The structure is assumed to be constant in one dimension (y-dimension). Considering incident plane waves restricted to the x-z-plane, it is sufficient to distinguish between TE and TM polarized incident waves. In this case, the Maxwell equations can be reduced to the scalar Helmholtz equation where is the wavenumber depending on the wavelength λ of the light emitted by the illumination source. Regarding TE polarization is the electrical field perpendicular to the plane of incidence (x-z-plane) and is the perpendicular magnetic field in case of TM polarization.
Rapid thickness mapping of free-standing smectic films using colour information of reflected light
Published in Liquid Crystals, 2021
where is the angle of refraction connected to via Snell’s law , and and refer to the coefficients of reflection for s-polarised (polarisation perpendicular to the incidence plane) and p-polarised (polarisation parallel to the plane of incidence) waves, respectively [21]. The coefficients of transmission at the top surface are similarly given, but it suffices here to note the following relations:
Rayleigh wave in a piezoelectric micro-mechanical bi-material system with mechanically and dielectrically imperfect interfaces
Published in Waves in Random and Complex Media, 2023
Richa Kumari, Abhishek Kumar Singh
In the undertaken structure, the plane is considered as the plane of incidence, and by virtue of polarization of Rayleigh wave in the -plane, we have Here, are the displacement components along the direction of -axes, respectively. The superscripts ‘1’ and ‘2’ denote the stratum and substrate, respectively.