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Hybrid Energy Storage
Published in Yatish T. Shah, Hybrid Power, 2021
The advantages and limitations of various sizing methods are compared by Hajiaghasi et al. [178]. The use of appropriate methods depends on the different parameters such as available data of generation and load and the linearity or nonlinearity of the problem, taking into account the dynamics of generations and load, incorporating dynamic characteristics of HESS, and different constraints. Depending on the importance of these factors, different capacity sizing methods can be adopted. AM method is very straightforward and simple and easy to understand. However, the method has a high computational time, and if data resolution is not sufficient, the optimal global solution may not be reached. Numerical approximation of system components is required. SM method is more flexible for engineers to choose the optimum capacity according to the needs of the operation. Synthetic data can be generated when weather data are incomplete. The developed system by this method will be less sensitive to the variation of the parameters. PAM method has a low-burden computational tool, and it is simple and flexible. However, it does not optimize the PV module slope angle and PV area and wind turbine swept parameter.
Direct-Detection Systems for Fiber-Access Networks
Published in Zhensheng Jia, Luis Alberto Campos, Coherent Optics for Access Networks, 2019
Luis Alberto Campos, Junwen Zhang, Mu Xu
The complexity, performance, system setup and signal processing for different modulation formats are quite different [3]. Among the modulation formats mentioned above, PAM signals, especially PAM-4 signal, are one of the most attractive formats for short-distance optical communications in terms of simply signal generation and processing. For PAM signals, the data or information is encoded in the amplitude of a series of signal pulses. For instance, in PAM-4 signals, there are four possible discrete pulse amplitudes with an efficiency of 2 bits per symbol, while in PAM-8, there are eight possible discrete pulse amplitudes with an efficiency of 3 bits per symbol. Recently, PAM-4 signal has been standardized as the modulation formats for short-distance optical networking technologies, including the 200GBASE-SR4/DR4 in 802.3cd and 400GBASE-DR4/FR8/LR8 in IEEE802.3bs.
Visible Light Communication for Advanced Wireless 5G Light-Fidelity Networks
Published in Ashish Bagwari, Geetam Singh Tomar, Jyotshana Bagwari, Advanced Wireless Sensing Techniques for 5G Networks, 2018
G. Nagarajan, P. Magesh Kannan
Pulse Amplitude Modulation is one of the important modulation schemes employed in signal transmission. PAM has a very simple method of modulation in which analog to digital conversion has been performed and the information is encoded into the amplitude of the series of pulses. Pulse amplitude modulation is a method in which the amplitude of each pulse depends on the instantaneous value of the modulating signal. This technique transmits the data by encoding in the amplitude of a series of signal pulses.
Adaptive timing correction technique for pulse-amplitude and pulse-position modulation interface
Published in International Journal of Electronics, 2019
Waleed Madany, Mostafa Rashdan, El-Sayed Hasaneen
In the PAM serial links, the data signal is transmitted after modulating its amplitude based on the input data. The amplitude of the input clock signal is divided into different levels. Each amplitude level in the transmitted data signal represents a different data code. Figure 1 shows the eye diagram for a PAM data signal. The figure shows four different amplitude levels representing the possible combinations two bits. With CMOS technology scaling, the voltage resolution is reduced which increases the challenges to increase the number of the transmitted bits using the AM approach.
UER of various modulation schemes over SC diversity with GGD noise for EMNC
Published in International Journal of Electronics, 2023
S Pratap Singh, Akanksha Gupta, Rajneesh Kumar Singh, Ankush Kansal, Vineet Kansal
Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) is a type of analogue modulation scheme in which modulating signals vary according to the variation in the amplitude of the carrier pulse train, whereas multi-level PAM (M-PAM) is the generalisation of PAM.