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Mathematical modelling of semiconductor devices and circuits
Published in Rajesh Singh, Anita Gehlot, Intelligent Circuits and Systems, 2021
Sanjay Kumar Roy, Manwinder Singh, Kamal Kumar Sharma, Brahmadeo Prasad Singh
A network analysis problem can be solved unequivocally [11], if an unambiguous relationship can be established between currents and voltages of the two poles forming the network. The nullator, in turn, represents two restrictions, namely, the insertion of a nullator into a real circuit makes the analysis problem redundant and the number of the possible independent Kirchhoff equations is increased by one, while the number of relationships of voltages and currents is increased by two. The insertion of a narrator into the circuit adds another independent Kirchhoff equation, leaving the number of restrictions for voltages and currents unchanged. Accordingly, the insertion of a narrator makes the problem indefinite. For an equal number of inserted nullators and narrators, the network calculation problem can be solved.
N
Published in Philip A. Laplante, Comprehensive Dictionary of Electrical Engineering, 2018
Nyquist rate been overlaid with fixed microwave communication systems. null-to-null bandwidth the width of the main lobe of a signal or system transfer function in the frequency domain. nullator an idealized two-terminal network element that conducts no current and yet maintains zero volts across itself. This element is often used to represent a virtual connection. number system the representation of numbers as a sequence of digits with an interpretation rule which assigns a value to each sequence. The conventional number systems are fixed-radix and positional systems, where the digit in position i has a weight of r i , where r is the radix. numerical aperture (NA) a parameter describing the light-gathering capacity of an optical fiber. It is defined as the sine of half the maximum angle of light acceptance into the fiber NA = n co - n cl where n co is the refractive index of the core, and n cl is the refractive index of the cladding. Also used as a measure of the maximum angle of the cone of light entering or emerging from an optical fiber. numerical methods methods useful for obtaining quantitative solutions of electromagnetic and microwave problems that have been expressed mathematically, including the study of the errors and bounds on errors in obtaining such solutions. NUREG a contraction for Nuclear Regulations, which are published by the NRC. NVRAM memory. nybble See nonvolatile random-access Nyquist rate the lowest rate at which recovery of an original signal from its sampled signal is possible. In digital transmission systems, the Nyquist A/D converter A/D converter that samples analog signals that have a maximum frequency that is less than the Nyquist frequency. The Nyquist frequency is defined as one-half of the sampling frequency. If a signal has frequencies above the Nyquist frequency, a distortion called aliasing occurs. To prevent aliasing, an antialiasing filter with a flat passband and very sharp rolloff is required. Nyquist band for pulse (or quadrature) amplitude modulation, the frequency band which is the support of the Nyquist pulse shape. For a symbol rate of 1/T , the Nyquist band is the interval -1/(2T ) to 1/(2T ). Nyquist criterion in analog-to-digital conversion, the stipulation that the bandwith of the sampling frequency must be greater than twice the bandwidth of the frequency of the signal being sampled. Nyquist frequency See Nyquist rate.
On the Effect of Operational Amplifier Gain-bandwidth Product on the Performance of Basic Building Blocks
Published in IETE Journal of Education, 2022
The opamp can be modeled in several ways. The routine hand analysis of circuits usually uses the opamp finite gain model (2), and the student should only know how to write using Kirchoff’s current law (KCL), the equations at each node and then the circuits can be analyzed using matrix methods or solutions by hand for deriving the transfer function, input and output impedances. Circuit analysis programs like SPICE, however, based on a description of the circuit – how components are connected between various nodes – use the modified nodal analysis to derive the frequency response, analyze noise, etc. On the other hand, another way of analyzing analog circuits in a computer-aided manner is known as Symbolic analysis. In this technique [10,11], the active devices such as opamp, Current Conveyor (CC), Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA), etc. are modeled using pathological elementsviz., nullor (comprising of a nullator and a norator), Voltage mirror – Current mirror (VM-CM) pairs. The equations describing the complete circuits can be derived using standard nodal analysis and analyzed using matrix methods. The transfer functions etc., can be derived in terms of various parameters in the circuit such as resistors and capacitors, as symbolic expressions. In this paper, we use the model of (2) and use only simple circuit analysis techniques.
Applications of matroids in electric network theory
Published in Optimization Methods and Software, 2021
Consider the 4-port of Chua and Lam [1] with The elements u2 and i2 are loops in the matroid , while one of these two elements must belong to any base of , hence the two matroids cannot have any common base. In fact, the spectrum of this 4-port is {1, 2}. There are 4 admissible embeddings: the 1st port must be terminated by a norator and the 2nd one by a nullator in any case, but the 3rd and the 4th ports are either terminated by a voltage source and a current source (in any order) or by a nullator and a norator (in any order).