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Inverter Circuit Coordination with a Distributed Photovoltaic Grid Power Transformer
Published in Hemchandra Madhusudan Shertukde, Distributed Photovoltaic Grid Transformers, 2017
Hemchandra Madhusudan Shertukde
The main disadvantage of the micro-inverter concept has, until recently, been cost. Because each panel has to duplicate much of the complexity of a string inverter, the costs are marginally greater. This offsets any advantage in terms of simplification of the individual components. As of October 2010, a central inverter costs approximately $0.40 per watt, whereas a micro-inverter costs approximately $0.52 per watt. Like string inverters, economic considerations force manufacturers to limit the number of models they produce; most produce a single model that may be over- or under-size when matched with a particular panel. With steadily decreasing prices, the introduction of dual micro-inverters that accept DC input from two solar panels, and the advent of wider model selections to match PV module output more closely, cost is less of an obstacle, so micro-inverters may now spread more widely. In 2011, the introduction of dual micro-inverters that accept DC input from two solar modules rather than one, reduced equipment costs to the extent that PV systems based on this kind of micro-inverter are comparable in cost with those using string inverters.
Grid-Connected Utility-Interactive Photovoltaic Systems
Published in Roger Messenger, Homayoon “Amir” Abtahi, Photovoltaic Systems Engineering, 2017
Roger Messenger, Homayoon “Amir” Abtahi
The choice of inverter may depend on price, availability, weight, physical dimensions, reputation, or any number of other considerations. It will be assumed that the 540-kW, UL 1741-listed inverter to be used in this example is characterized by VOC(max) = 1000 V, 440 < Vm < 800 V, IIN(max) = 1280 A, VOUT = 300 V, and IOUT(max) = 1040 A. The unit can be configured with up to 10 combining inputs fused between 200 and 400 A each. The unit has a CEC rated efficiency of 97.5%. It has built-in load-break dc disconnect switch and ac circuit breaker and has a utility adjustable power factor between 0 and ±1 and internal GFDI. In this case, since the entire system will be located outside, no arc fault protection is required. The weight of the unit is 2240 kg (4938 lb).
Hybrid Energy Systems for Computing and Electronic Industries
Published in Yatish T. Shah, Hybrid Energy Systems, 2021
Renewable energy can be used in both homes and businesses as the main power source. These energy systems will have to connect to the AC grid. The renewable energy system output will also need to be converted to AC in some grid-independent systems. An inverter can be used to accomplish this. The resulting AC current can be at the required voltage and frequency for use with the appropriate transformers and control circuits. Inverters are used in many applications from switching power supplies in computers to high voltage DC applications that supply bulk power. Inverters are commonly used to apply AC power from DC sources such as fuel cells, solar panels, and batteries [257].
An advanced HBNP multi-level inverter for the performance enhancement with reduced components
Published in International Journal of Electronics, 2023
Jami Rajesh, Satya Venkata Kishore Pulavarthi, Nakka Jayaram, Sukanta Halder
The demand for electricity in a variety of applications is increasing significantly. Traditionally, non-renewable energy sources such as natural gas, coal, and fossil fuels were used to supply electrical energy demand. These sources will affect the environment and increase the temperature on the earth. To overcome these issues nowadays, clean energy sources like solar, wind, ocean energy, etc., are to be used to meet the energy demand. The real-time power system network requires distinct families of power converters to synchronise these new energy sources, as addressed by researchers (Abbott, 2010; Liu et al., 2014). Generally, the output from the photovoltaic (PV) system is DC. In order to meet the load demand, it must be boosted up using a DC/DC converter. So, the combination of a PV system and DC/DC converter system is called a solar system. Whenever load requires AC supply, DC/AC converters are needed, which are known as Inverters. The applications of inverters include variable frequency drives, Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS), Induction heating, etc. The inverters are classified depending on the waveform’s shape, including square wave inverters, two-level PWM inverters, and Multilevel Inverters (MLI; Lee et al., 2018). Among all these inverters, MLI’s offer many features like high operating voltage compared with voltage stress on the power switch used for low, medium, and higher voltage applications, better harmonic profile, offers minimum conduction and switching losses, a more significant number of levels in output voltage and enhanced efficiency.
An extensive critique on fault-tolerant systems and diagnostic techniques intended for solar photovoltaic power generation
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Albert Alexander Stonier, R. Harish, M. Srinivasan, D. Sarathkumar
The inverter converts the DC input to AC output to the desired output voltage level and frequency. The inverter plays a major part in applications like speed control of AC drive, standalone and grid connected systems, induction heating, micro-grid, UPS, the transmission of HVDC lines, etc. The output voltage levels and frequency bandwidth on the AC part of a line commutated inverter could not be modified. But the forced commutated inverter will supply the independent adjustable AC output voltage and variable frequency; therefore, it has much broader applications. A multi-level inverter was used for many industrial applications, such as AC power supply, STATCOM, and Motor driver units, and the main purpose of multilevel inverter is intended for harmonic reduction. The output of multi-level inverter will not be pure sinewave, and it will be in levels to achieve the required output voltage level. Hence, when the number of levels increases the THD will be reduced. The battery is used to store and discharge the DC voltage, and it has been converted or inverted according to the applications used. Figure 1 shows the overall block diagram of the solar power generation system. In the proposed approach, multilevel inverter is used to improve power quality and fault-tolerant ability.
Performance evaluation of on-grid PV systems in Egypt
Published in Water Science, 2021
Inverters are used in different types of solar systems to match the generated energy of the PV panels with the electrical grid (Yilmaz & Özçalik, 2015). Inverters use different technologies to convert DC energy, produced from PV cells, into AC (De Lima, De Araújo Ferreira, & De Lima Morais, 2017), (Kymakis, Kalykakis, & Papazoglou, 2009). Costs of inverters vary according to the wave shape of the output AC sine wave. The more the inverter produces a pure sine wave, the higher its cost. Inverters control the system’s energy, monitor and record all data of the system, plus produce faults due to any mal functions. The main types of inverters used in PV systems are (string inverters (Khan, Asif, & Stach, 2017) used in our system, central and micro inverters (Swoop, 2014)).