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What is Lighting Design?
Published in Michael Stiller, Quality Lighting for High Performance Buildings, 2020
Lighting design is the specification of a system of luminaires and controls to create illumination appropriate to a given environment. This means that lighting designers choose which lighting fixtures should go where (specification of a system of luminaires), as well as how they are grouped and which should be on at a given time and at what levels of intensity (controls). But how does the designer determine what illumination is “appropriate to a given environment”? Historically, architectural lighting designers, and to a great degree electrical engineers performing in this capacity, have been concerned with providing enough illumination for a specific visual task. Quantity was the key. And the question was, simply: how much light is enough? It’s been a long time since we’ve considered lighting design in such simple terms. As a culture we accept that good lighting is important in many other ways, whether it’s to create a comfortable, productive environment, or to set a mood. Many other factors are central to the design of a quality lighting system: color temperature, accurate color rendering, volumetric quality, and contrast ratios, to name a few. Yet even so, many of those outside of the profession—and some within it—still focus on the quantity rather than the quality of light delivered by a given system. And it’s easy to see why. Lighting is ethereal. It has physical properties but we can’t touch it. It helps us see, but outside the context of the world of objects, which reflect light back to us to create an image of those objects in our minds, light is, by itself, invisible.
Artificial Events: Human Factors
Published in Maurizio Cumo, Antonio Naviglio, Safety Design Criteria for Industrial Plants, 2019
In the task analysis an important tool is represented by the availability of operation guidelines describing the action required by control room operators both in normal and emergency conditions (Section VIII). Once a firm analytical foundation has been provided, design and related evaluation efforts can be initiated, starting with the control room. Human factor efforts produce recommendations for the layout of the control room and the establishment of ambient environmental conditions to support the personnel performance. Ineffective control room design and major items (e.g., console, furniture, supervisory offices) will be arranged to facilitate the task performance. Consoles shall have a compact layout offering an easy access to display/control instruments. Console profile will be compatible with task requirements and permit instruments to be mounted on panels within the visual and functional reach of the personnel, taking into account the average physical characteristics of operators, which will be part of the selection criteria. Illumination for visual tasks is important, while distracting environmental effects (e.g., glare, noise, uncomfortable climatic conditions) shall be reduced or eliminated. In addition, other features promoting the personnel comfort, convenience, and safety will be considered, including furniture, lunch areas, rest-rooms, etc.
Realism and Performance
Published in Aditi Majumder, M. Gopi, Introduction to Visual Computing, 2018
Computing illumination of a scene is an extremely complex problem. The total amount of illumination at any surface point is due to both direct and indirect illumination. Direct illumination accounts for the light coming directly from a light source and reaching a surface point on the object. In addition, light reflected off, transmitted through or refracted by other surfaces can also reach the same surface point after multiple bounces and is called the indirect illumination. Thus, in order to compute that total amount of illumination at any surface point on an object we need to compute all the indirect illumination resulting from multiple bounces across multiple surfaces in addition to the direct illumination from the light source, as summarized in Equation 9.23 of Chapter 9. Such compute-intensive complex light models can be extremely time-consuming and therefore not suitable for interactive graphics. Therefore, much simpler illumination models are used to meet the interactive rates performance criterion.
Smart LED lighting system with occupants’ preference and daylight harvesting in office buildings
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Ajay Shankar, Vijayakumar Krishnasamy, B. Chitti Babu
Necessary design parameters such as the layout of the building, floor area, required illumination, etc., have been collected. Seven sets of 24 , 52 W down LED have been installed on the ceiling of each group to produce equal illumination at the desk of each occupant which was replaced by 7 sets of 230 powered 70 W fluorescent lamps. The building layout with 7 sets of 52 W LED lighting system has been simulated to generate isolines of the workplace lighting conditions in DIALux which is shown in Figure 4. With the chosen lighting arrangements, Figure 4 reflects that 7 sets of 52 W LED luminaires can produce an illuminance of 550 lx at the focused area of the workstation with a luminous efficacy of 124 lx/W, however, illuminance falling near the edge of the room and reaching 200–300 lx. The average illumination of the workstation with the chosen lighting setup is 350 lx. As per Ref. (Alrubaih et al. 2013), for reading and writing purposes any office space requires the standard illumination of 300 to 500 lx.