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Introduction to Wireless Networks: Evolving Communication Technology
Published in Liansheng Tan, Resource Allocation and Performance Optimization in Communication Networks and the Internet, 2017
IS-41 is standardized by the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA). Revision C is the latest version of the protocol and is called IS-41C. IS-41 is the core networking protocol that supports mobility, authentication, and roaming. IS-41 allows network equipment to be multivendor. Since the equipment has to conform to the standard interface, it is possible to have an environment wherein Mobile Station Switching Centers (MSCs) are from vendor A and the Base Station Controller (BSC) radio network is from vendor B. Roaming between networks that use GSM MAP and IS-41 requires the use of gateway functions that convert messages from one protocol to another. Such gateways can be considered protocol translators. IS-41C is an application-layer protocol. IS-41 is normally operated over SS7 networks, which provide the reliability required for signaling. The CDMA standard IS-95 is specified by Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)/Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA).
Location Strategies for Personal Communications Services
Published in Jerry D. Gibson, The Communications Handbook, 2018
Ravi K. Jain, Yi-Bing Lin, Seshadri Mohan
The procedure for delivering calls to mobile users in GSM is very similar to that in IS-41. The sequence of messages between the caller and called party's MSC/VLRs and the HLR is identical to that shown in the call flow diagrams for IS-41, although the names, contents and lengths of messages may be different and, hence, the details are left out. The interested reader is referred to Mouly and Pautet [18] or Lycksell [15] for further details.
Force-System Resultants and Equilibrium
Published in Richard C. Dorf, The Engineering Handbook, 2018
Today, there are two main standards that provide location management in cellular and personal communications systems. They are GSM’s Mobile Application Part (MAP) and the EIA/TIA’s Interim Standard IS-41. GSM MAP was developed as part of the GSM standard and the IS-41 protocol was primarily developed for wireless systems in North America.
Internet of Thing based Koch Fractal Curve Fractal Antennas for Wireless Applications
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
Kusum Yadav, Anurag Jain, Nada Mohamed Osman Sid Ahmed, Sawsan Ali Saad Hamad, Gaurav Dhiman, Shoayee Dlaim Alotaibi
Z.Yu [3] suggests a Koch-enhanced snowflake fractal broadband flat antenna for wireless and navigation applications ranging from 2nd generation (2G) through 4th generation (4G). A trapezoidal construction with CPW maintenance is used in conjunction with the structural principles and features of Koch's classic fractal monopole antenna components to create a device with the benefits of both. It is proposed that two versions of Koch's snowing fractal structure radiator with a Koch's snowing fractal slot inside be used in conjunction with the proposed antenna to cover more than ten mobile applications with a bandwidth of 106.255 percent (1.5-4.9 GHz) for GPS, BDS, GLONASS, GALILEO, DCS1800, and other satellite navigation systems. TD-SCDMA, WCDMA, CDMA2000, LTE33-41 / 42-43, Bluetooth, WLAN, and WiMAX are among the frequency bands supported. The results of the measurements show that the unidirectional radiation models acquire -1.7-2.35dBi and have an efficiency ranging from 31 to 64 percent.