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Application and Performance Analysis of Various Nature-Inspired Algorithms in AGC Synthesis
Published in Krishan Arora, Suman Lata Tripathi, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Smart Electrical Grid System, 2023
Shelja, Pawan Kumar, Aman Ganesh
This section introduces the structure of AGC where the mechanism revolves around minimizing the frequency deviation and regulating tie line power flow in the interconnected power system. The frequency deviation is due to the imbalance between the generation and load, and the frequency of the electrical network is proportional to the generator’s rotating speed. Hence, the frequency control problem is directly translated to speed control of the generator where the speed-governing mechanism is involved which senses the machine speed and regulates the mechanical output power for tracking the load change and hence minimizing the frequency deviation by restoring the frequency to the nominal value. Figure 12.1 shows the same mechanism followed in each area for the shown two-area power network.
Modulation and Demodulation Circuitry
Published in Mike Golio, Commercial Wireless Circuits and Components Handbook, 2018
One can recall that the maximum value of frequency deviation allowed in the FM broadcast band is 75 kHz. Thus, use of the indirect modulator has given us much lower frequency deviation than is allowed, and clearly some kind of desperate measures are required. Such are available, but do complicate the process greatly. Suppose we feed the modulated signal into an amplifier which is not biased for low distortion, that is, its Taylor series looks like a1x+a2x2+a3x3,etc.
Overview of Fiber Optic Transmission Methods
Published in David R. Goff, Kimberly Hansen, Michelle K. Stull, Fiber Optic Video Transmission, 2013
David R. Goff, Kimberly Hansen, Michelle K. Stull
Frequency modulation (FM) measures the received signal's timing information to recover the original signal. In addition, FM has immunity to amplitude variations caused by optical loss, one of fiber's weak points as a transmission medium. FM modulation centers around a high-frequency carrier. Differences in the signal amplitude change the frequency of the carrier instead of the amplitude. Another advantage of FM systems, seen in mathematical analyses, shows that the signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver can be improved by increasing the frequency deviation of the carrier. For example, assume that a transmitted video signal has a 5 MHz bandwidth. Using a 70 MHz carrier frequency and applying the video signal to produce a 5 MHz deviation, the receiver achieves about a 5 dB enhancement in its signal-to-noise ratio, compared to an AM system. If we increase the deviation of the carrier frequency to 10 MHz, then the improvement increases to 15.6 dB. Compared to AM, FM reduces the need for highly linear optical components, another important advantage.
An extensive review on load frequency control of solar-wind based hybrid renewable energy systems
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Maloth Ramesh, Anil Kumar Yadav, Pawan Kumar Pathak
The leading cause of frequency deviation in the electrical network is a mismatch in power produced and power demand . As long as no mismatch in and , the system frequency is 50 Hz; if any mismatch takes place, the frequency starts deviating with frequency rates, which directly depended on the unbalanced power and inversely depended on the system inertia constant according to swing equation (Machowski et al. 1997), which is as follows:
Analysis of Cascaded Multilevel Inverter with a Reduced Number of Switches for Reduction of Total Harmonic Distortion
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
Kola Muralikumar, P Ponnambalam
The FM index (mf) is the equivalent of MI for m. Taking into consideration, the modifications among the two forms of modulation, the (mf) modulation index is measured in a dissimilar way [29,30]. The FM index is equal to the ratio of frequency deviation to the modulating frequency. Taking an example of FM modulation index, if a signal has a deviation of ±5 kHz, and the modulating frequency is 1 kHz, then the MI for this particular instance is 5/1 = 5.