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Train Simulators for Research
Published in Mark S. Young, Michael G. Lenné, Simulators for Transportation Human Factors, 2017
Arzoo Naghiyev, Sarah Sharples
Throughout the following sections, we discuss the concept of fidelity. Fidelity refers to the extent to which something is a faithful representation of its real-world equivalent – a high-fidelity simulator will be a closer replication of the real world than a low-fidelity simulator. Often, a single simulator will combine elements that are high and low fidelity; for example, a researcher may have access to a real train cab and thus a high-fidelity interior, but only a low-resolution or low-complexity (and thus lower-fidelity) external display. It is vital to evaluate the level of fidelity of the simulator in the design stages, prior to the implementation stage, to assess if performance in the simulator will reflect that in the real world. Once the requirements of the simulator have been gathered, it is advisable to conduct a cost–benefit analysis of the requirements for the research simulator.
Force-System Resultants and Equilibrium
Published in Richard C. Dorf, The Engineering Handbook, 2018
This section deals with the transmission of digital information as opposed to the analog sources considered in the previous section. Before we proceed, we should note that there are many advantages of digital communications over analog communication techniques. For example, with digital communications, the received signal fidelity can be improved significantly. Also, digital transmitters require less power consumption, less bandwidth (by exploiting the redundancy in the data), and are inexpensive to build. Furthermore data transmission is possible, and also secure communications can be accomplished with relative ease.
Measurement Apparatus
Published in Stanislaw Zurek, Characterisation of Soft Magnetic Materials Under Rotational Magnetisation, 2017
A very wide choice of power amplifiers is available from the audio market. Such amplifiers offer very good linearity and fidelity of the amplified signals. For this reason, the nominal load impedance is usually at the order of 4 Ω (and generally between 2 and 8 Ω), which is a typical impedance for loudspeakers driven directly by such amplifiers. The choice of nominal power is very wide, from tens of VA to even tens of kVA rating, requiring three-phase power supply and build from several modules (Brockhaus Measurements, 2016; Crown, 2016).
From surface realism to training considerations: a proposal for changing the focus in the design of training systems
Published in Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 2020
The construct of ‘simulation fidelity’ was introduced within the traditional theory and extensively used in research and design (Hays 1980; Hays and Singer 1989). High-fidelity training-systems were those that closely resembled the target environment in the eyes of designers and trainees. In this respect, fidelity refers to both how much detail of the target environment is included in the simulation, and how realistically those details are simulated (Smode 1971). Although some authors distinguished between ‘how much detail’ and ‘how realistic’ and defined fidelity to refer to the latter (e.g. Williges, Roscoe, and Williges 1973), this distinction faded over time as fidelity in recent years often refers to the general similarity of simulation to the target environment (e.g. Allen, Hays, and Buffardi 1986; Hamstra et al. 2014). As a result, for the most part, in discussions on training simulation, ‘fidelity’ replaced ‘simulation’ during the last few decades, as higher levels of fidelity in today’s terminology refer to higher levels of simulation in older literature.