China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Journey of Cables – From Coppers to Optical Fiber
Published in Vikas Kumar Jha, Bishwajeet Pandey, Ciro Rodriguez Rodriguez, Network Evolution and Applications, 2023
Vikas Kumar Jha, Bishwajeet Pandey, Ciro Rodriguez Rodriguez
An optical fiber or fiber-optic cable refers to that technology of communication which transmits data through thin strands of a highly transparent material, which is usually either glass or plastic. It was launched in the 1970s, but the first optical fiber telecommunications network was not installed until the early 1980s. The optical fiber cable is a high-speed data transmission medium of modern age communication that contains tiny glass elements within the cable coated with plastic layers to carry light beams. Its assembly is similar to that of an electrical cable, but in place of the metallic conductor, it contains one or more optical fibers that are used to the carry the signal in the form of light waves rather than electrical pulse in the electrical cable. The fiber elements of the optical fiber cable are individually coated with plastic layers that are further placed in a protective tube suitable for the transmission of light waves for data transmission.
PLC cabling, data transmission, and networking
Published in Raymond F. Gardner, Introduction to Plant Automation and Controls, 2020
Fiber-optic cable consists of multiple strands of very thin glass or transparent plastic fibers, each fiber roughly the diameter of a strand of hair. The core material of the fiber strand has a high index of refraction, which is a measure of how much light bends when entering a material, and this characteristic results in the near-lossless transmission of light. The core is then coated with a cladding having a low-refractive-index. The cladding reflects light back into the core, reducing transmission losses, like a mirror. The internal reflection turns the core into a waveguide for light. Signals are transmitted as pulses of light, representing 0s and 1s. Some advantages of fiber-optic cable include very high signal-transmission speeds at a very high bandwidth, which means it can simultaneously carry many different signals at many frequencies over very long transmission distances with low losses, fewer signal repeaters, and complete immunity to EMI/RFI noise. Fibers may be bundled together to create multiple circuits and spares, as shown in Figure 18.15. Fiber-optic systems require transceivers that convert electronic pulses into light using LEDs or lasers for transmission, and photodetectors to convert the light back to electronic pulses at the receiver (Figure 18.16).
Fiber-optic monitoring in underground rock engineering
Published in Xia-Ting Feng, Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2017
The words ‘fiber optic’ conjure up its ubiquitous presence in telecommunications and the internet. Because the fused silica and wave-guide construction of fiber-optic cables have very low attenuation, they can transmit information over distances of tens of kilometers. Also, because light carries the information, fiber-optic cables are immune to interference from electromagnetic radiation. Therefore, fiber-optic sensors can be installed adjacent to power lines, or be subjected to very high electric fields associated with high magnetic fields in physics accelerators. As a practical example, electrical strain sensors were routinely damaged by lightning strikes on the bare granite face of Mt. Rushmore before Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) strain sensors were substituted for Linear Variable Differential Transformers (LVDTs) (Micron Optics, 2010).
Internet of Thing based Koch Fractal Curve Fractal Antennas for Wireless Applications
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
Kusum Yadav, Anurag Jain, Nada Mohamed Osman Sid Ahmed, Sawsan Ali Saad Hamad, Gaurav Dhiman, Shoayee Dlaim Alotaibi
In today's world, where multimedia services offering rich video content are rapidly increasing, efficient access networks with high-speed broadband features should be designed. On the other hand, existing copper cable technologies offer limited service features when considering bandwidth and communication distances [1]. Therefore, the improvement of existing access networks is observed as an inevitable renewal. Shortly, fiber optic cable is envisaged to be designed as the basic cable in large complexes and next-generation home architectures (Optical fiber within the home - FITH). We observe that the application of optical fiber to the home (FTTH) is an access network model that is rapidly developing and applied worldwide [2]. In addition, multimedia services (high-definition TV, video on demand (VoD) etc.) that are quickly growing in the fields of mobile communication and personal wireless networks have led network designers to use new wireless technologies that can offer high data rates to their end-users [2]. The UGB signaling method is one of the strongest candidates for 4G and 5G mobile broadband technology and future-proof wireless personal area networks (WPANs). UGB technology is considered a wireless communication technology that offers immunity to multipath disturbances, flexibility and communication at high data rates. It also shows good performance characteristics in environments with multiple access technologies [3]. UGB radio signals can be generated in technical scripts using impulse radio (IR) or multi-band vertical division multiplexing (MB - OFDM) methods [4]. MB-OFDM will offer multi-service services to end-users by spreading different service applications from each band. The applications planned to be provided in the following generation of user residences are summarized in Figure 1 below.