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Published in Philip A. Laplante, Comprehensive Dictionary of Electrical Engineering, 2018
encapsulation property of a program that describes the complete integration of data with legal process relating to the data. enclosure a box, cabinet, wall, fence, barrier, or other means designed to protect personnel from accidentally contacting energized electrical parts and to protect the electrical parts from physical damage. encoder (1) a device that directly creates a digital signal based on an analog value. (2) a logic circuit with 2 N inputs and N outputs, the outputs indicating the number of the one input line that is asserted. (3) a device used to obtain positional information. The encoder uses a disk mounted on the shaft of a rotating machine and a light source. The combination provides lights pulses that can be decoded to provide the angular position of the motor. See also absolute and incremental encoder. encoding (1) the act of placing information to be transmitted in a form that can be transmitted over a particular medium and will be recognizable by the receiver. See also coding. (2) in computing systems, to represent various pieces of information by a defined sequence of the binary digits 0 and 1, called bits. To apply the rules of a code. encryption the transformation employed to transform information to be transmitted (plaintext)
Robotics and Sensors: Environmental Applications
Published in John G. Webster, Halit Eren, Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook, 2017
Encoders measure displacement, both rotary and linear, and are used in odometry of a robot. The position information may also be used to calculate velocities. An encoder is an electromechanical device that can monitor position, motion, or direction of motion. It can be constructed with sensing mechanisms which can be mechanical, magnetic, or optical. There are two basic kinds of encoder information: absolute and incremental. Absolute encoders provide a code, which indicates the exact position of the shaft/wheel. Incremental encoders measure how far the wheel has moved and are normally used for measuring robot wheel velocity.
Servo Feedback Devices and Motor Sensors
Published in Wei Tong, Mechanical Design and Manufacturing of Electric Motors, 2022
An encoder is a digital sensor that generates a coded reading of measurement to provide motion information like position, speed, and rotational direction. The main advantages of digital sensors over their analog counterparts include high accuracy, high resolution, ease of adaptation in digital control systems, effective signal transmission and data storage, capability to work under high noise environments, and free from observational errors.
The autonomous robotic environmental sensor (ARES)
Published in Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 2021
Benjamin Dyer, Mohammad Biglarbegian, Amir A. Aliabadi
ARES has three Swedish omniwheels in a rotationally symmetric pattern resulting in a holonomic platform capable of translating without rotation, as shown in Figure 1. The wheels are positioned radially about the robot, with each wheel 26.32 cm from the robot’s center. The wheels are embedded to guarantee even ground contact, reducing risk of slippage and increasing maximum load. Each wheel is driven using a Pololu 37Dx73L DC motor with a maximum speed of 67 rpm and a maximum torque of 49 kg cm. The omniwheels have a radius of 5.08 cm giving the robot a maximum speed of 30.8 cm s−1. The robot’s maximum speed is based on its orientation and can be as low as 17.8 cm s−1. High resolution quadrature encoders are attached to the motor shaft providing 9600 encoder ticks per revolution resulting in a 0.15-degree resolution.
Learning global spatial information for multi-view object-centric models
Published in Advanced Robotics, 2023
Yuya Kobayashi, Masahiro Suzuki, Yutaka Matsuo
We used amortized variational inference [28] and computed variational approximate posteriors because the marginal likelihood in Equation (1) is intractable. We factorized the variational posteriors as: where . The first RHS term and second RHS term are approximate posteriors of and respectively. We refer to these encoders as Sequential Encoder and Global Encoder.
Fuzzy PD Plus I Control-based Adaptive Cruise Control System in Simulation and Real-time Environment
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2019
G. Prabhakar, S. Selvaperumal, P. Nedumal Pugazhenthi
The prototype setup of cruise control system shown in Figure 12 consists of two DC encoder motors with wheels, Arduino UNO micro-controller, UV Obstacle Sensor, and L293d motor driver circuit. The disc attached with encoder generates a pulse signal depending upon the rotation of shaft. These pulses are read by an Arduino UNO micro-controller, and the Motor Voltage is controlled by the PWM pulses that are regulated with the help of fuzzy PD + I controller algorithm embedded in the micro-controller chip to match the set-point RPM.