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The Radar Equation
Published in Bassem R. Mahafza, Introduction to Radar Analysis, 2017
Any deliberate electronic effort intended to disturb normal radar operations is usually referred to as an Electronic Countermeasure (ECM). This includes chaff, radar decoys, radar RCS alterations (e.g., radio frequency absorbing materials), and of course, radar jamming. Jammers can be categorized into two general types: (1) barrage jammers and (2) deceptive jammers (repeaters). When strong jamming is present, detection capability is determined by receiver signal-to-noise plus interference ratio rather than SNR. In fact, in most cases, detection is established based on the signal-to-interference ratio alone.
Radar Electronic Warfare
Published in Habibur Rahman, Fundamental Principles of Radar, 2019
Electronic countermeasure (ECM), as already defined, is that division of EW involving actions that are taken to prevent or reduce the enemy's effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum. ECM is thus the means of interfering with the enemy's electromagnetic activity. These means may be used to either deny the information, or to provide false information or to overload the enemy's computing capacity with so much false data, which degrades the performance of this system. This ECM mission may be achieved either by jamming or deception.
Biomechanical effects of high acceleration on the temporomandibular joint
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Haotian Luo, Jingheng Shu, Zhan Liu
Other than the harmful accelerations during maneuvers, the aircraft on the carriers is subject to the acceleration from the face to the back, defined as Gx (Figure 1b2), from the blocking cable during landing, while the inertial force is opposite to the acceleration direction. Liu calculated the landing acceleration of various carrier-borne aircraft and found that the maximum acceleration of electronic countermeasure aircraft (eb-26) reached 4.17 G (Ying 2019).