China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Full-Scale Electron Beam Treatment of Hazardous Wastes-Effectiveness and Costs
Published in John W. Bell, Proceedings of the 45th Industrial Waste Conference May 8, 9, 10, 1990, 1991
Charles N. Kurucz, Thomas D. Waite, William J. Cooper, Michael G. Nickelsen
Electron beam processing involves exposing the material to be irradiated to a stream of high energy (fast) electrons. These electrons interact with the material in less than 10-12 seconds to produce electrons of lower and lower energy. Eventually a large number of slow electrons with energies less than 50 eV is produced and these electrons interact with molecules to produce excited states of these molecules, positive ions and electrons. Eventually the electrons slow to thermal energies and get trapped. In materials of low dielectric constant most electrons do not escape the pull of the positive ions formed when they were produced. The electrons are attracted back to the positive ions causing a chemical reaction. This is termed direct radiolysis. In high dielectric materials such as water and aqueous solutions, most electrons escape the pull thus leaving both the positive ions and electrons free to react with the water or waste components in it. This is referred to as indirect radiolysis. Since the ratio of direct to indirect radiolysis of a waste is approximately the weight fractions of waste to water4 the radiolysis of water is the primary mechanism of destruction using high energy electrons. The efficiency of ionizing radiation initiating chemical reactions is measured by G values, where G is defined as the number of radicals, excited states or other products, formed (or lost) in a system absorbing 100 eV of energy.
Using intense pulsed electron beams for surface treatment of materials
Published in Dmitrii Zaguliaev, Victor Gromov, Sergey Konovalov, Yurii Ivanov, Electron-Ion-Plasma Modification of a Hypoeutectoid Al-Si Alloy, 2020
Dmitrii Zaguliaev, Victor Gromov, Sergey Konovalov, Yurii Ivanov
In [110–113], it is noted that the industrial application of the IPEB of aluminium and alloy products based on it is especially promising in the automotive industry, namely, in a wide range of surface technologies. It is noted that electron beam treatment is successfully used to reduce the porosity of cast aluminium alloys, sputtering porous layers, and sintered materials. Good results on the successful use of electron beam processing were obtained by alloying, dispersing the structure or cladding of alloys based on iron, aluminium , titanium and magnesium. In Fig. 6.8 some results are presented illustrating the effect of surface treatment by an electron beam on the mechanical of aluminium-based alloys.
Beneficial Industrial Uses of Electricity: Materials Fabrication
Published in Clark W. Gellings, 2 Emissions with Electricity, 2020
Electron beam welding (EBW) is a welding process in which a beam of high-velocity electrons is applied to the materials being joined. Electron beam processing is used for welding metals, machining holes and slots, and to harden the surface of metals. It is also used for heat treating and melting. Electron beam processing is much faster than conventional welding systems. Other benefits include minimal thermal distortions because the power density and energy input can be precisely controlled, substantially reduced set-up and post-cleaning time, lower labor costs, and the ability to achieve complex and precise heating patterns.
EUROCORR 2019: ‘New Times, New Materials, New Corrosion Challenges’ Part 4
Published in Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology, 2020
‘Microstructure modification by electron beam processing (EBP) in magnesium alloys to control the degradation rate’ was presented by F. Iranshahi (Graz University of Technology, Austria). The cast alloys AZ91 and ZKX50 were subjected to EBP with and without subsequent heat treatment (HT). After immersion in 0.5 wt-% NaCl solution for 1 d, the EBP-only AZ91 alloy exhibited higher corrosion resistance than the as-cast or EBP-HT AZ91, whereas the EBP-HT ZKX50 alloy showed higher corrosion resistance than the as-cast and EBP-only ZKX50. In the EBP AZ91, a connected Mg17Al12 network surrounds the α-Mg grains and provides a barrier against corrosion propagation. In the case of ZKX50, dissolution of the Ca2Mg6Zn3 secondary phases after heat treatment seems to provide higher corrosion resistance, while the distributed secondary phases negatively affect the corrosion resistance of EBP ZKX50 due to micro-galvanic corrosion.
Temperature-responsive culture surfaces for insect cell sheets to fabricate a bioactuator
Published in Advanced Robotics, 2019
Kaoru Uesugi, Yui Sakuma, Yoshitake Akiyama, Yoshikatsu Akiyama, Kikuo Iwabuchi, Teruo Okano, Keisuke Morishima
The IPAAm was dissolved in 2-propanol (final concentrations are listed in Table 1) according to the literature [10,31]. The monomer solution was spread on tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) tissue culture dishes and then exposed to electron beam irradiation (0.3 MGy, 150 kV, 10−5 Torr) using an electron beam processing system (Nissin-High Voltage Co. Ltd., Kyoto, Japan) to polymerize and graft polymers onto the TCPS surfaces ((ϕ35 mm culture dishes for PIPAAm-TCPS) or (4-well type culture dishes for PIPAAm-4W-TCPS)). The surfaces were washed with cold distilled water to remove ungrafted polymers and unreacted monomers, and subjected to ethylene oxide gas sterilization before use in experiments.
Mechanical properties of a novel two-phase hybrid plate-lattice metamaterial
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2023
Bingbing Fan, Zhisun Xu, Yongshui Lin, Zhixin Huang
The specific energy absorption capacity of configuration IX is 4.30 J/g, which is higher than the SEA capacity of conventional aluminum lattice and TPU truss lattice structures. It is equivalent to the denser Plas-GRAYTM thermoplastic plate-lattice structures, as shown in Figure 9. In contrast, lightweight titanium alloy and stainless steel plate-lattice metamaterials show excellent energy absorption properties. However, these structures are manufactured by processes such as electron beam processing and laser cladding. Compared with the SLS additive manufacturing method used to manufacture lightweight polymer lattices in this study, it is expensive and energy-consuming.