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Controlling Electrical Appliances Using Relay
Published in Anudeep Juluru, Shriram K. Vasudevan, T. S. Murugesh, fied!, 2023
Anudeep Juluru, Shriram K. Vasudevan, T. S. Murugesh
An electric light bulb is a light bulb that produces visible light using electricity (electric power). There are many types of electric light bulbs (or electric bulbs) available in the market like fluorescent light bulbs, incandescent light bulbs, halogen incandescent light bulbs, LED light bulbs, compact fluorescent bulbs (CFLs) and many more. Figure 14.8 shows some of the types of electric bulbs. For this project, you can use any type of electric bulb . These electric bulbs can be easily connected to an AC power supply using a holder and two-pin socket as shown in Figure 14.9.
Energy management in illumination
Published in Kao Chen, Energy Management in Illuminating Systems, 2018
Electric light sources should be selected to maintain the highest efficacy, while providing proper color qualities, physical and optical size, and longlife operating characteristics (warm-up time, restrike, dimming, etc.). These attributes are related to decisions on luminaire types, lighting controls, and the general operation and maintenance after installation.
Introduction
Published in M. Nisa Khan, Understanding LED Illumination, 2013
Although incandescent lamps are widely used in households and commercial buildings because of their practicability, they consume a great deal of electric energy because the incandescence process typically converts only a few percent of electric energy to visible light and over 90% to invisible thermal radiation. As other lighting technologies have become practical and more energy efficient, incandescent lamps have started to be replaced gradually in many applications. These include such electric lights as linear and compact fluorescent lamps, high-intensity discharge lamps, and LEDs.
Validation of spectral simulation tools in the context of ipRGC-influenced light responses of building occupants
Published in Journal of Building Performance Simulation, 2023
Clotilde Pierson, Mariëlle P. J. Aarts, Marilyne Andersen
To anticipate the modeling needs to run the spectral simulations, additional measurements were collected, including the dimensions (and precise location) of the office-like experimental modules in Eindhoven and Lausanne and their furniture, as well as the spectral reflectance or transmittance of most materials found in the respective rooms. The dew point temperature, as well as the diffuse horizontal (DHI) and direct normal (DNI) irradiance together with High Dynamic Range (HDR) images of the sky were collected simultaneously to the test room measurements to be able to realistically simulate the sky for the setup under daylighting conditions. While Lark allows to input a custom sky spectral power distribution (SPD) to generate the sky model, and although the sky SPD had been measured simultaneously to the other measurements, it was decided to use the CIE Standard Illuminant D65 SPD for each Lark-simulated time step. This decision was made to provide a fair basis of comparison—i.e. a measured SPD cannot be inputted in ALFA—and to reproduce the conditions in which future users would run the simulations—i.e. designers typically do not have access to measured sky SPD. Finally, the SPD of each electric light source was also measured to spectrally simulate the light sources for the setup under electric lighting conditions. More details about these additional measurements are available elsewhere (Pierson, Aarts, and Andersen 2021a, 2021b).
Improving the accuracy of circadian lighting simulation with field measurement
Published in Journal of Building Performance Simulation, 2022
Siqi He, Yonghong Yan, Hongyi Cai
Accordingly, the accuracy of the simulation results from different viewpoints is calculated and summarized in Figure 14. Compared to the calibration under electric lighting alone (Section 3.1.3), the MBErel and RMSErel of M/P ratio of the mixed daylighting and electric lighting is similar to that in the electric lighting alone (MBErel 1.35% & RMSErel 6.50% under mixed electric light and daylight vs. MBErel −2.85% & RMSErel 4.06% under electric light only, N = 36). The simulated EV [MBE(MBErel):−5.14 lx(−0.66%) vs.−0.26 lx(−0.12%); RMSE(RMSErel): 81.34 lx (10.41%) vs. 33.65 lx (15.38%), N = 36] and EML [MBE(MBErel):6.46 lx (1.01%) vs. −3.87 lx (−3.25%), RMSE(RMSErel): 82.65 lx (12.96%). vs. 19.16 lx (16.09%), N = 36] had larger MBE and RMSE in the validation phase than that in the initial calibration phase but their MBErel and RMSErel were similar (as shown in Figure 14 vs. Figure 7, respectively). Third, the MBE and MBErel of CS [0.002(0.45%) in Figure 14 vs. −0.01(−2.65%) in Figure 7] also became smaller in this validation with the additional contribution of daylight. Moreover, viewpoints 2 and 4 had a relatively higher RMSErel in EV and EML than other viewpoints, although viewpoint 4 shows lower RMSE than viewpoint 2.
Smart lighting systems: state-of-the-art and potential applications in warehouse order picking
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2021
Marc Füchtenhans, Eric H. Grosse, Christoph H. Glock
Lighting describes the use of natural and artificial light to illuminate areas in general, for specific tasks, or for accent lighting (Boyce 2014). This paper focuses on artificial lighting, more precisely on artificial lighting from electric light sources and related technologies. Traditional lighting systems often consist of one or more switches and lighting fixtures. SLS use additional components, such as motion or occupancy sensors (hereafter referred to only as motion sensors) or daylight sensors, to adjust the light intensity to the environment and/or the user's needs. In all application areas where light is required, SLS provide possibly useful solutions. Typical use cases are interior lighting, in offices and residential buildings for example, and outdoor lighting, such as in public streets (Füchtenhans, Grosse, and Glock 2019a).