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Electrical, Electronic, and Electromechanical Systems
Published in Ramin S. Esfandiari, Bei Lu, Modeling and Analysis of Dynamic Systems, 2018
In a variety of electromechanical systems, electrical and mechanical subsystems are coupled by a magnetic field. Figure 6.42 shows a DC motor, which consists of basic elements (including the stator, the rotor, the armature, and the commutator). The stator provides a magnetic field across the rotor. The current is conducted to coils attached to the rotor via brushes, and the rotor is free to rotate. The combined unit of coils attached to the rotor is called the armature. The brushes are in contact with the rotating commutator, which causes the current to always be in the proper conductor windings, so as to produce a torque and keep it in the proper direction. The magnetic coupling relations between the electrical and mechanical subsystems in a DC motor can be derived using fundamental electromagnetic laws in introductory physics textbooks [4].
DC Machines
Published in Jacek F. Gieras, Electrical Machines, 2016
The armature coils are interconnected through the commutator, which consists of a number of insulated copper segments (Fig. 4.7). The commutator is located on the same shaft as the armature (rotor) and rotates together with the armature winding. The armature (rotor) core must be laminated to reduce the core losses that may arise due to the flow of AC current. In DC motors the commutator serves as a mechanical inverter. In DC generators, the commutator serves as a mechanical rectifier. Current is fed to the commutator with the aid of brushes, often made of carbon or graphite (Fig. 4.8). The brushes are held in brush holders (Fig. 4.9) and they must be free to move radially in order to maintain contact with the commutator as they wear away. The current is conducted from the brush to the brush stud by means of a brush pigtail. The brush-commutator mechanism is shown in Fig. 4.10.
Mechanical Systems
Published in Stephen W. Fardo, Dale R. Patrick, Electrical Power Systems Technology, 2020
Stephen W. Fardo, Dale R. Patrick
All motors, regardless of whether they operate from an AC or a DC power line, have several basic characteristics in common. Their basic parts include (1) a stator, which is the frame and other stationary components, (2) a rotor, which is the rotating shaft and its associated parts, and (3) auxiliary equipment, such as a brush/commutator assembly for DC motors, or a starting circuit for single-phase AC motors. The basic parts of a DC motor are shown in Figure 14-1. A simple DC motor is constructed in the same way as a DC generator. Their basic parts are the same. DC generators were discussed in Chapter 7.
Sensorless speed control of DC motor using EKF estimator and TSK fuzzy logic controller
Published in Automatika, 2022
Ravi Pratap Tripathi, Ashutosh Kumar Singh, Pavan Gangwar, Ramesh Kumar Verma
DC motor drives are widely used electrical machines in many applications, including rolling factories, paper mills, robots, electrical vehicles and others for which adjustable speed and constant or low-speed torque are required. Nowadays, there exist a wide variety of schemes to control the speed of electrical machines [1]. A PID controller has been implemented on LabVIEW and motor speed is measured by a sensor [2], whereas various optimization algorithms to tune the PID parameters have been discussed in [3]. The PW (pulse width modulation) controlled BLDC motor drives have been discussed in [4,5]. Shanmugasundram et al. [6] investigated the performance of fuzzy and PID controller for BLDC servomotor; however, the speed of the motor was regulated by a PWM-controlled chopper driver. In the above techniques, researchers used a speed sensor or tachogenerator to measure the speed, which increases the hardware complexity and cost along with reduced reliability. To achieve effective speed control, a closed-loop speed control system with known or feedbacked motor state variables has been required. Therefore, to measure all the state variables of the system, various mechanical sensors are required which will not only increases the system size, complexity and overall cost but also minimize the robustness and reliability. To minimize the number of sensors and system complexity, the researchers focused on sensorless control strategy along with intelligent control for optimum response [7].
Multi-Objective Modified Imperialist Competitive Algorithm for Brushless DC Motor Optimization
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2019
MohammadAli Sharifi, Hamed Mojallali
A DC motor is a kind of electrical machine that converts direct current electrical power into mechanical power. The most common types rely on the forces produced by magnetic fields. In order to have a more reliable, more efficient, and less noisy operation, brushless DC (BLDC) motors have been introduced. BLDC motors are powered by a DC electric source via an integrated inverter/switching power supply, which produces an AC electric signal to drive the motor. They have been successfully used in electronic, computer, and automotive applications [1–4]. Compared to the brushed motors with the same power output, they are more efficient and lighter and also require less maintenance due to absence of brushes. In addition, they are more versatile mainly because of their ability in the speed and torque domain [1–4]. The motor presented in this work is a wheel motor which propels a solar vehicle during a race. Materials and manufacturing costs are not essential while the motor efficiency and the axial bulk are the key points [5]. In this paper, an analytical model of BLDC motor is used as a benchmark composed of 78 nonlinear equations implemented with five design variables and six inequality constraints [5]. In other words, the design process is estimating five parameters to maximize efficiency, minimize the total mass, and also satisfy six inequality constraints simultaneously. To achieve these objects, a multi-objective optimization technique is required.
Fractional Order PID Design based on Novel Improved Slime Mould Algorithm
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2021
Davut Izci, Serdar Ekinci, H. Lale Zeynelgil, John Hedley
DC motors are devices that basically convert the electrical energy into mechanical form. Therefore, controlling the speed of such a system is important to perform a specific work. In this study, an externally excited type of DC motor [51] was chosen to be used in order to be able to perform the speed control via input voltage. Figure 3 illustrates the equivalent circuit of such a DC motor system.