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Co-Design of 4G LTE and mmWave 5G Antennas for Mobile Terminals
Published in Shiban Kishen Koul, G. S. Karthikeya, Millimetre Wave Antennas for 5G Mobile Terminals and Base Stations, 2020
Shiban Kishen Koul, G. S. Karthikeya
The simulated and measured isolation between two elements of the proposed 4G LTE MIMO is more than 15 dB across the whole operating band, as shown in Figure 7.9(a). Discrepancies between the simulated and measured results can be observed, which result from fabrication tolerances, substrate inhomogeneity and connector modelling. The three-dimensional (3D) realized gain of two-element proposed MIMO antenna at 2.6 GHz is shown in Figure 7.9(b). The beam tilt is observed as a result of the electrical offset of antennas with respect to the phase centre.
Practical Antenna Systems
Published in Jerry C. Whitaker, The RF Transmission Systems Handbook, 2017
Electrical beam tilt can also be designed into a high-gain antenna. A conventional antenna typically radiates more than half of its energy above the horizon. This energy is lost for practical purposes in most applications. Electrical beam tilt, caused by delaying the RF current to the lower elements of a multielement antenna, can be used to provide more useful power to the service area.
Design of dual band and wideband circularly polarised slot antenna for wireless applications
Published in International Journal of Electronics Letters, 2018
Figure 6 shows a comparison of the measured and simulated AR of both antennas. The measured and simulated ARs are in fair agreement. The slight difference between the two results may be due to measurement errors. The measured 3-dB ARBWs for DBCP are 0.9 GHz (2.2–3.1 GHz) and 1.6 GHz (4.8–6.4 GHz), whereas WBCP has ARBW of 4 GHz (2.3–6.3 GHz). Figures 7 and 8 show a comparison of measured and simulated radiation patterns of DBCP and WBCP antennas, respectively, at two different frequencies. The measured and simulated radiation patterns have a close agreement. It can also be noticed that the proposed antennas have larger beamwidth which will ensure more coverage. The proposed antennas also have cross-polarisation levels around 20 dB at boresight direction. Figure 9 shows a comparison of measured and simulated gain at boresight for the two antennas along with the simulated radiation efficiencies. The gains are acceptable for wireless applications. While the gain is around 4 dBi at the lower frequencies, at the higher frequencies, it reduces to 2 dBi. The decrease in the boresight gain also seen from the radiation patterns is due to beam tilt and the decrease in the radiation efficiency.
Compact Co-design of Conformal 4G LTE and mmWave 5G Antennas for Mobile Terminals
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
M. Idrees Magray, G. S. Karthikeya, Khalid Muzaffar, Shiban K. Koul
The simulated and measured isolation between two elements of the proposed 4G LTE MIMO is more than 15 dB in the whole operating band, as shown in Figure 10(a). Discrepancies between the simulated and measured results can be observed which is due to fabrication tolerances, substrate inhomogeneity and connector modeling. The three-dimensional (3D) realized gain of the two-element proposed MIMO antenna at 2.6 GHz is shown in Figure 10(b). The beam tilt is observed due to the electrical offset of antennas with respect to the phase centre.