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Communication Techniques
Published in B K Bala, Energy Systems Modeling and Policy Analysis, 2022
Attenuation occurs as signals propagate through electrical circuits, optical fibers, air (free space), etc. As the signal progresses, some of the energy is lost, and its amplitude decreases. The further it travels, the greater the loss in amplitude. Figure 4.2 shows the attenuation of the amplitude of a sinusoidal signal with distance. Attenuation can be thought of as a gain that is less than 1.
Wireless Sensor Applications for Building Operation and Management
Published in Barney L. Capehart, Timothy Middelkoop, Paul J. Allen, David C. Green, Handbook of Web Based Energy Information and Control Systems, 2020
Michael R. Brambley, Michael Kintner-Meyer, Srinivas Katipamula, Patrick J. O’Neil
Signal attenuation is a weakening of the RF signal. It is a function of distance and the properties of the material through which the signal travels. Signal attenuation can be compensated by using repeaters that receive signals, amplify them, and then retransmit them to increase the transmission range.
Networking
Published in Richard A. Panke, Energy Management Systems and Direct Digital Control, 2020
Coaxial cable consists of a center conductor surrounded by a shield. The center conductor is separated from the shield by a dielectric. The shield protects against electromagnetic interference. Coaxial cables can operate at data transmission rates in the megabits per second range. Attenuation becomes greater as the data transmission rate increases. The transmission rates are limited by the data transmission equipment and not by the cable. Regenerative repeaters are required at specific intervals depending on the data rate, nominally every 2000 feet to maintain the signal at usable levels.
Leak detection and size identification in fluid pipelines using a novel vulnerability index and 1-D convolutional neural network
Published in Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 2023
Zahoor Ahmad, Tuan-Khai Nguyen, Jong-Myon Kim
According to the ISO standard 18211:2016 before acquiring the data from the AE sensor the surveillance zone is determined based on the AE signal attenuation characteristics according to the AE source-induced noise. In AE the term attenuation refers to the loss of signal strength measured in decibels (dB). The attenuation characteristic of an AE sensor can be calculated using the following equation. In Equation (12), the measured potential is represented by V and the reference potential is represented by . The term measured AE potential refers to the AE signal obtained from the AE sensor. In acoustic emission, the reference 0 dB is the AE signal potential of 1 at the AE sensor without any amplification.
LeHE-MRP: leveraging health monitoring by enhancing throughput of multi-hop routeing protocol in WBANs
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2021
Subba Reddy Chavva, Ravi Sankar Sangam
Path loss is defined as the loss of power or energy between transmitting and receiving power of a signal into wireless sensor nodes. It is measured in dB (decibels) and is represented by the attenuation of the signal. The path loss in WBAN is primarily dependent on signal fluctuations, motion of hands and legs, body movement and different postures of body [11,23,24]. The path loss of a network is measured by using the following. where Here, q is represents frequency of a noded is distance between two nodesk is path loss coefficient G is Gaussian random variableσ is Standard deviation [25]where, PL0 is received power at reference distance
Performance improvement of mode division multiplexing free space optical communication system through various atmospheric conditions with a decision feedback equalizer
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2022
Abdullah Almogahed, Angela Amphawan, Fathey Mohammed, Abdulwadood Alawadhi
Attenuation is regarded as one of the primary parameters reducing FSO systems’ performance. Attenuation decreases the power of the signal at the receiver. Typically, attenuation levels fluctuate in response to changes in atmospheric conditions. Table 2 depicts the attenuation values for various weather conditions (A. Malik & Singh, 2015).