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Great Development of Artificial Intelligence with Uncertainty due to Cloud Computing
Published in Deyi Li, Yi Du, Artificial Intelligence with Uncertainty, 2017
Wikipedia uses the public to collectively create Wikipedia entries, which is another typical application for public participation to form a swarm intelligence. In Wikipedia’s operation mode, any individual can edit the entries that interest them. Such editing is free and individuals can contribute any viewpoint to any entry. Although the participants may make mistakes in the editing, and some even tamper maliciously, in the case of public participation, mistakes and malicious tampering will soon be corrected; most entries have maintained a very high level of quality. For example, in Figure 7.11, the entry for cloud computing was founded on September 4, 2007. Its definition evolved from the initial simple and a one-sided controversial version to the more accurate, stable, and rational explanation on February 23, 2011. Like the cognitive process for humans to explore the true meaning of a concept, after repeated sharing, interaction, inclusion, revision, and evolution, the Wikipedia entries co-edited by the public will become relatively more correct. Such entries will be recognized by most participants or readers, thus reaching a relatively stable consensus close to the truth.
Diversity of Participants in Open Source Projects
Published in Cornelius Herstatt, Daniel Ehls, Open Source Innovation – The Phenomenon, Participant's Behavior, Business Implications, 2015
Professional participants are a further participant type (Bonaccorsi et al. 2006; Henkel 2006; Rolandsson et al. 2011). The private firm Netscape offered its browser Mozilla under an open source license, but continued to support the project. Linux Kernel 3.2 is written by 1,316 developers, including 226 known companies. The top 10 firms participating in the Linux Kernel project account for over 60% of the total contributions; paid developers even account for 75% of all kernel developments (Linux Foundation 2012). Hars and Ou (2001) disclose that 16% of their study respondents are paid directly for their contribution and account for 38% of total contribution efforts. Lakhani and Wolf (2005) report that 53% of survey respondents contribute during paid working time, whereby 70% of those 53% are supported by their supervisors. Hence, approximately 37% of total respondents indicate tolerated firm contributions. With respect to content, the literature is silent for firm participation. Yet, some indications of firm support are present. The non-profit Wikipedia foundation is the organizational sponsor of Wikipedia. The Open Directory Project is owned by Netscape, and the Freebase project is owned by Google. These “men on the inside” examples (Dahlander and Wallin 2006; Lee, chapter 10, this volume) reveal the strategic influence of firms in open source software communities including its significant amount of contribution and sponsorship.
Social Networks and Social Media
Published in Julie A. Jacko, The Human–Computer Interaction Handbook, 2012
Molly A. McClellan, Julie A. Jacko, François Sainfort, Layne M. Johnson
The most popular and commonly known wiki is Wikipedia, a multilingual web-based free encyclopedia written collaboratively by many users. As of June 9, 2011, the English Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/) had 3,654,148 articles, 24,147,440 pages in total with 466,735,596 edits. There were 14,708,291 registered users, including 1,790 administrators. Wikipedia is self-governed; any user can add content. However, there are guidelines that should be followed and are available on the site. Because the site is self-organizing, anyone can build a reputation to become an editor. Amongst the editors, there are varying hierarchies including administrators. Despite having over 14 million users, there are less than 2000 admins. These users are allowed to delete articles, block accounts or IP addresses, and edit fully protected articles (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About).
The Crowd is the Territory: Assessing Quality in Peer-Produced Spatial Data During Disasters
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2018
Jennings Anderson, Robert Soden, Brian Keegan, Leysia Palen, Kenneth M. Anderson
We define extrinsic information quality metrics as object-based measures focusing on syntactic or semantic “correctness” that reference external authoritative data sources. Online peer production systems like Wikipedia and OSM were created to replace authoritative incumbent products like Encyclopedia Britannica and government land surveys (respectively) created by expert organizations. Thus, assessing the quality of user-generated information by comparing it to expert-generated counterparts is a natural validation step. Extrinsic metrics for assessing the accuracy of Wikipedia articles have used experts to compare the number of errors in Wikipedia against other works of reference, finding that error rates were similar to or lower than authoritative sources (Giles, 2005; Holman, 2008). Other studies have explored the completeness of Wikipedia’s coverage by measuring the representation or overlaps in topical coverage across sources (Brown, 2011; Halavais & Lackaff, 2008; Royal & Kapila, 2009; Samoilenko & Yasseri, 2014).