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In-Depth Review of Network on Chip
Published in Muhammad Athar Javed Sethi, Bio-Inspired Fault-Tolerant Algorithms for Network-on-Chip, 2020
The NoC architectures are evaluated based on various parameters. These parameters include latency, throughput, bandwidth utilization, area, power dissipation, energy consumption and frequency. Every NoC architecture attempts to maximize the throughput and bandwidth utilization and minimize the latency, area, power and energy dissipation using various techniques. Latency refers to the time taken by a packet or flit to move from the source to the destination. Usually, in NoC, latency is measured in nanoseconds (ns). Throughput is the number of bits that can be sent across the NoC interconnect (link) per second. Throughput is measured in bits per second (bps). Bandwidth is the maximum number of bits that can be sent over a interconnect (link) per second. The unit of bandwidth is bits per second (bps). Area refers to the size of the NoC after synthesis. Nowadays, there are also some software tools that can measure the area and power consumption of the NoC architecture. The unit of area used by most architectures is mm2. The units of energy and power consumption used by most architectures are milliwatt (mW) and petajoules (pJ), respectively. When packets traverse the router and interconnect, they consume power and energy.
Force-System Resultants and Equilibrium
Published in Richard C. Dorf, The Engineering Handbook, 2018
Two fundamental characteristics of memory systems are speed and cost. Speed reflects how long it takes the device to read or to write information. The access time or read latency of a device is the time required for it to respond to a read request. The throughput or bandwidth of the device is the rate at which it transfers information. The relation between these terms can be illustrated by analogy with a photocopy machine making multiple copies of a single page. The time required for the first copy to be output is the latency, which includes the time required to scan the page and for internal processing. Subsequent copies of the page are output faster by the machine, because it can avoid the initial scan and can overlap processing steps required for successive copies. The throughput reflects the rate at which successive copies are produced. Device speeds vary greatly. Solid-state SRAMs and DRAMs have latencies of a few to tens of nanoseconds, respectively, while mechanically driven devices like magnetic tapes can have latencies on the order of seconds. A magnetic disk has a latency of tens of milliseconds, but can transfer data at the rate of several million bits per second. In a computer system, the term memory usually refers to fast devices that are directly accessed by the processor, while the term storage refers to slower devices further from the processor that are accessed using specialized hardware controllers under the supervision of operating system software.
Mobile Traffic Modeling for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks in IoT
Published in Fadi Al-Turjman, Multimedia-enabled Sensors in IoT, 2018
Throughput is defined as the amount of information successfully delivered within a specified unit of time. The throughput is calculated during the duty-cycle of the node operation on information packets within a given cycle time. The successful transmission of information is described as the probability of sending out information between two or more connected nodes (i.e., k) that are competing for media access in the network, which is a function of the current steady state of the power transition mode of the nodes. For MHC, the number of nodes in the network is N, the MAC layer DATA packets size is S, the length of the cycle is T, and Πm(t) is known. Furthermore, the only variable is the probability of successful DATA packet transmission, which can be obtained according to the media access protocol. Thus, the throughput of the network can be determined as ThMHC=N∗1−Πm(t)∗ps∗S/T.
SCAN-CogRSG: Secure Channel Allocation by Dynamic Cluster Switching for Cognitive Radio Enabled Smart Grid Communications
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
Throughput is defined as the amount of data can be processed (or) transmitted in a given amount of time. In SCAN-CogRSG, SUs perform sensing and transmission in each time period. Although our major focus is channel allocation, the time is utilized for spectrum sensing too. Thus, the throughput of proposed system is formulated as follows: Here, the defines the probability that the PU is idle during time frame (). This idle period can be utilized by the SUs in the system. It is worth mentioning that, the SU transmission occurs when the PU is idle at given period of time. Similarly, the latency achieved by the proposed system depends on the several parameters. The latency of the system is computed from the following equation: where (the propagation delay), and (the seritalization delay). Here, denotes the speed of light and is the OFDM packet size.
Performance analysis of LT code-based HARQ error control in underwater acoustic sensor networks
Published in Journal of Marine Engineering & Technology, 2022
P. Kaythry, R. Kishore, V. Nancy Priyanka
Figure 7 compares the proposed schemes with RBLC and RLTC codes for network throughput against number of nodes. As the number of nodes increases in the network, the throughput for the proposed RLTCH schemes as well for RBLC and RLTC decreases. Throughput decreases due to a large number of retransmissions occurring in the network. Throughput of the proposed scheme is higher due to the face that less number of redundant transmissions occurs within every hop and hence the delay is also reduced. Figure 8 presents the variation of network throughput against packet interval. When the packet interval is less, traffic load increases in the network, thereby increasing the network throughput for the three schemes considered in the performance evalaution. But, when the packet interval gets larger, the proposed RBLTCH scheme provides higher throughput when compared to RBLC and RLTC. For a lower range of packet interval values, proposed RLTCH and conventional RLTC has similar network throughput value.
Lifetime improved WSN using enhanced-LEACH and angle sector-based energy-aware TDMA scheduling
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2020
Ramadhani Sinde, Feroza Begum, Karoli Njau, Shubi Kaijage
Throughput is an important parameter which defines the performances based on the data transmission. The increase in throughput indicates the quality of connectivity which tends to make the transmission successfully. In case if the delivery of data is lesser and then it can be predicted that the network connectivity is poor in the network. Throughput is degraded by two major factors as network congestion and packet loss. Network congestion happens due to the participation of multiple nodes in communication at the same time. In our proposed WSN system model, energy-aware TDMA scheduling is performed which gives perfect timing for nodes. Hence, only the nodes at transmission state will be sending the data to CH/HCH, so network congestion is completely avoided.