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Case Study — Phthalic Anhydride After-Cooler Design
Published in Martyn S. Ray, Martin G. Sneesby, Chemical Engineering Design Project, 2020
Martyn S. Ray, Martin G. Sneesby
Two types of shut-down are considered: planned and emergency. During a planned shut-down, the reactor feed rate is slowly reduced to minimum. At that time, the after-cooler can be taken off-line by diverting all the reaction gases to the switch condensers. The low feed rate allows normal product recovery to be maintained using only the switch condensers. Once bypassed, the after-cooler can be drained of liquid product and then purged with nitrogen, if required.
Techniques and Tools for Implementation of Solution and Change Management
Published in Maharshi Samanta, Lean Problem Solving and QC Tools for Industrial Engineers, 2019
There are a few well-researched and established error-proofing techniques. These are listed in Table 8.1. These techniques are classified into three types—warning, control, and shutdown. These all can be applied to the prevention of errors before their occurrence and to the detection of errors after their occurrence, so that defective parts do reach the next step in the manufacturing process.
Development of wireless smart sensor network for vibration-based structural health monitoring of civil structures
Published in Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2022
Niusha Navabian, Sherif Beskhyroun, Justin Matulich
Sleep mode: After turning on the physical switch of sensor nodes, they go to sleep or low power shutdown mode and wait to receive a command from gateway node. The sensor nodes check for gateway wake-up signal every 30 seconds to start the sampling. If they do not receive response from gateway, they go back to the sleep mode. The nodes only exit the sleep mode if either of the following conditions are met: 1) the RTC interrupt occurs, which could occur periodically every 30 seconds, and 2) event detection is enabled and an event exceeds the trigger threshold. In first case, if the RTC interrupt occurs, the state changes to the ‘waiting for gateway CMD’ state and a time out value of 500ms will be set. In the case of occurrence of an event like an earthquake, the state will change to ‘Recording acceleration data’ state and a time out value of 70 seconds.
Use of Immersive 3-D Virtual Reality Environments in Control Room Validations
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2018
Joakim D. Bergroth, Hanna M. K. Koskinen, Jari O. Laarni
Control operations was the main topic in two tasks (see Table I). Operation of valve and pump elements received a negative evaluation. Only the naturalness of the control operations was estimated to be on an average level, that is, “not good or bad.” The overall grade may have been brought down by the fact that the shift supervisor was assigned to monitor the execution of the control operations but because of the technical limitations in the VR CR, he could see only the operators standing in front of the control panel, not the actual physical hand movement manipulating the control element. The operating task concerning the emergency shutdown operation was defined as follows: First, the shift supervisor gives a command to execute the emergency shutdown operation, after which the operators execute it and then monitor the shutdown’s immediate effects on the process. All the estimations concerning the emergency shutdown operation were below the average. Especially, the naturalness (i.e., question 2) of the operation was assessed to be “fairly” bad. According to the operators, the reason for this was that the UI (i.e., shutdown button) did not provide tactile feedback. Moreover, after the emergency shutdown operation, the VR CR did not “come to life” in the same way as the physical CR does (during the test session most of the control panels were just mock-ups and not connected to the actual process simulator, while resources on the shared server needed to be kept free for other processes).
Cursor movements to targets labelled “stop”: a kinematic analysis
Published in Ergonomics, 2022
J. G. Phillips, L. R. D. Pringle, B. Hughes, A. Van Gemmert
The label ‘STOP’ was also shown to produce inaccurate interpretations and inaccurate responses under specific circumstances. Without accompanying context, STOP can be interpreted as a corrective action (e.g. shutdown) or a command to be followed (e.g. do not touch). Indeed, error versus command problems occur frequently at intersections, where people accelerate when they should be stopping (Jantosut et al. 2021). This study’s results indicate that interfaces incorporating the word STOP should consider the possibility an error versus command misinterpretation may occur and take precautions to prevent it.