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Network Engineering for Audio Engineers
Published in Steve Church, Skip Pizzi, Audio Over IP, 2012
UDP has no connection-establishment stage. A UDP sender just blasts the packets out without any regard for the receiver. This means that UDP is suitable for IP multicasting. TCP is not able to do this because IP multicasting doesn't allow senders to have a one-to-one relationship with receivers. If only one receiver in a multicast transmission is missing a packet, how would TCP deal with sending the replacement? A moment's thought would convince you that rate control also would be impossible in the multicast case. (There have been many schemes invented for so-called “reliable multicast” but they all have trade-offs that make them useful only for certain limited classes of applications.)
Exploiting Network Coding for Smart Healthcare
Published in Mohammad Ilyas, Sami S. Alwakeel, Mohammed M. Alwakeel, el-Hadi M. Aggoune, Sensor Networks for Sustainable Development, 2017
Elli Kartsakli, Angelos Antonopoulos, Christos Verikoukis
An important feature of NCCARQ-WSN is backward compatibility with the non-beacon-enabled mode (CSMA) of IEEE 802.15.4. In this mode, the stations maintain backoff counters and sense the channel for a clear channel assessment (CCA) period before transmitting their data. In addition, the transmission of ACK packets commences a turnaround time (TACK), which enables the station to switch mode between reception and transmission. It is also worth mentioning that long frames are followed by a long interframe space (LIFS), while short frames are followed by a SIFS period of time. Moreover, there is a common transmission bit rate for both data and control packets. Nevertheless, despite the backward compatibility, NCCARQ-WSN has undergone some modifications in order to efficiently exploit the advantages of both cooperative and NC techniques: A reliable multicast communication scheme is guaranteed by employing ACK packets for the reception of the network-coded data.For bidirectional traffic, the data packets are transmitted along with the RFC packets, without taking part in the contention phase.Since the subnetwork formed by the relay set operates in saturated conditions, as the relays store the packets of the overheard transmissions, it is necessary to execute a backoff mechanism at the beginning of the cooperation phase to minimize the probability of an initial collision.
GridStat
Published in David Bakken, Krzysztof Iniewski, Smart Grids, 2017
David E. Bakken, Harald Gjermundrød, Ioanna Dionysiou
Guideline 1:Avoid posterror recovery mechanisms. Traditional protocols for the Internet in general, and reliable multicast protocols from the fault-tolerant computing research community, use posterror recovery. In these protocols the receiver sends either a positive acknowledgment (ACK) when it receives a message, or a negative acknowledgment (NACK) when it concludes that the message will not arrive. However, both add considerable latency when a message* is dropped: three one-way latencies are required, plus a timeout that is much greater than the average one-way message latency.
Energy Efficient MAC with Variable Duty Cycle for Wireless Sensor Networks
Published in International Journal of Electronics, 2022
Radha Subramanyam, G. Josemin Bala, Nagabushanam Perattur, E. Grace Mary Kanaga
Multicast protocol is a provocative tasking in this article for the initiation of framework for reliable multicast transmission in WSNs to utilise TDMA-based channel access which works on the top of multicast Spanning tree (MST) rooted at the base station. A new TDMA-based MAC protocol, called Bitmap-assisted Efficient and Scalable TDMA-based MAC (BEST-MAC), is used for adaptive traffic in hierarchical Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). EH-WSNS the estimated bio-inspired method assures the system stability by controlling the design parameters of each node and are implemented in Abdelli et al. (2018).