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IoT Blockchain Integration
Published in Mohiuddin Ahmed, Abu S. S. M. Barkat Ullah, Al-Sakib Khan Pathan, Security Analytics for the Internet of Everything, 2020
Kazım Rıfat Özyılmaz, Arda Yurdakul
Proof-of-Stake (PoS) is a consensus protocol that aims to create voting rights for the next block based on the distribution of the asset class (token, coin, etc.) in the system. In PoS, every participant in the system may have the chance to create the next block (or at least help to create the next block) according to its financial commitment in the consensus process. Peercoin [45] introduced the concept of PoS, and it was highly popular due to the fact that it does not consume energy like PoW schemes. Ethereum is also planning to shift to PoS consensus mechanism with the “Casper” upgrade [46].
Advanced Security Using Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technology
Published in Sudhir Kumar Sharma, Bharat Bhushan, Aditya Khamparia, Parma Nand Astya, Narayan C. Debnath, Blockchain Technology for Data Privacy Management, 2021
Proof of Stake [31]: The PoS algorithm achieves the same objective as the PoW distributed consensus; however, the mechanism of the miners’ competition is different from that of PoW. This algorithm also forces miners to compete against each other by betting a certain amount of coins as their stake in the network. The more a miner bets, the greater his chances of winning the competition to create blocks and receive rewards. In order to prevent the wealthiest node or miner in the network from always winning, the process implements “Randomized Block Selection” and “Coin Age Selection” methods.
Addressing some of bill of lading issues using the Internet of Things and blockchain technologies: a digitalized conceptual framework
Published in Maritime Policy & Management, 2023
Elnaz Irannezhad, Hamed Faroqi
The scientific contribution of this research is the formulation of such a system specifically for container shipping, helping the community to understand how the technologies can be useful from a theoretical context, which is normally not communicated adequately by the industrial solution providers. Based upon two real-world cases, an architecture to solve these problems through an integrated IoT-blockchain based system is conceptualised. Conditions of containers are monitored via sensors embedded in the smart containers. Agreed terms in bills of lading are automatically and trustfully executed exploiting smart contracts and consensus protocols of the blockchain technology. The proposed architecture deploys a public blockchain and Proof of Stake consensus protocol. The outcome of the proposed architecture is a decentralised application that trustfully guarantees the agreed terms at the right time, location, and conditions.
‘Un’-blocking the industry 4.0 value chain with cyber-physical social thinking
Published in Enterprise Information Systems, 2023
Subodh Mendhurwar, Rajhans Mishra
A block comprises (a) block header and (b) block body (transaction counter with transactions) (Zheng et al. 2018). The block header typically consisting of (i) block version (an indicator of applicable block validation rules), (ii) parent block hash (previous block pointer), (iii) Merkle tree root hash (of all earlier transactions), current timestamp, current hashing target (typically decided by the network) and (iv) nonce (increments for every hash computation till solution arrived or target changed). Existing blockchains typically use four major consensus mechanisms: (i) PoW (Proof of Work), e.g., Bitcoin and Ethereum, (ii) PoS (Proof of Stake), e.g., PeerCoin, ShadowCash, (iii) PBFT (Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance), and (iv) DPoS (Delegated Proof of Stake);besides others such as PoB (Proof of Bandwidth), PoET (Proof of Elapsed Time), PoA (Proof of Authority), e.g., Ethereum (Li et al. 2020), Ripple, Tendermint, PeerConsensus, GHOST, etc. (Zheng et al. 2018), or specialised mechanisms (‘Proof of X’ – Yu et al. 2020) for niche requirements (e.g., lightweight blockchain-based, distributed trust architectures for IoT – e.g., Dorri, Kanhere, and Jurdak 2017; Dorri et al. 2019).
Evolutionary gravitational neocognitron neural network based block chain technology for a secured dynamic optimal routing in wireless sensor networks
Published in Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 2022
R. Satheeskumar, B. Prakash, S. Velliangiri, Francis H Shajin
Generally, there are three sorts of BC network: public, private and federal. Public blockchain is completely decentralised, private is only selected nodes are allowed to participate. The federal is a semi-decentralised network that maintains by numerous entities. Different consensus algorithms are utilised on networks that are Proof of Authority, Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Stake (PoS). In PoW, nodes handle the mathematic puzzle for mining nodes selection on the network. To solve this puzzle, it needs a great computation cost. In PoA, modules as well as transactions are recognised by pre-selected nodes, labelled validators. Thus, higher computation skills are not essential for mining selection. In PoS, miners with more currencies check and mine blocks. BC is a great way to track transactions among various groups on distributed manner.