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Telemetry Frames and Packets
Published in Stephen Horan, Introduction to PCM Telemetering Systems, 2017
The HDLC protocol is really a link layer data packet for transmitting data between two points. System designers can use this for point-to-point telemetry and telecommand transmission. When used by itself, the system designer is assuming that the data will arrive successfully and not be diverted to another node. Therefore, HDLC is good for transmitting data that has either a management protocol above it or does not require much management such as an IRIG frame format.
Virtual Private LAN Services
Published in Nam-Kee Tan, MPLS for Metropolitan Area Networks, 2004
A multipoint service is desirable because full connectivity between multiple sites is achieved with fewer connections and optimal forwarding. For the same level of connectivity, a point-to-point technology would require more connections and probably the use of suboptimal packet forwarding (for instance, in a hub-and-spoke topology), thus introducing additional transmission delay.
Network Overview
Published in Lynne D. Green, Fiber Optic COMMUNICATIONS, 2019
A network is composed of point-to-point link between stations, together with network and system software. A point-to-point link may use twisted pair, coax, microwave, fiber, or other communications technology. Network standards have been developed to ensure interoperability of network components (hardware and software) selected from different vendors.
Centrality and connectivity analysis of the European airports: a weighted complex network approach
Published in Transportation Planning and Technology, 2023
Operating a point-to-point network introduces a trade-off between robustness and efficiency because susceptibility to node removal is decreased. Moreover, this type of network makes it impractical for passengers to use connecting flights through transfer hubs, especially when travelling between airports within the same community. Another benefit of this type of operation for airlines is that competition is usually limited as the new routes are usually offered by a single airline (Dobruszkes, Givoni, and Vowles 2017). Low-cost carriers could use airports with lower spatial concentration, as these airports will be more inclined to introduce new routes to increase their market share. The executives of these airports could make special agreements with low-cost carriers, which would benefit both sides financially.
Numerical and experimental study on novel tensioning method for the inflatable paraboloid reflector antenna
Published in Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines, 2022
Swapnil D. Shinde, S. H. Upadhyay
The inflation pressure of 0.0024 MPa was filled in the inflatable reflector, and the load cells are attached to each anchor point of the reflector using the Kevlar chords, as shown in Figure 5. The tension forces at the anchor point locations were gradually increased. The RMS error at the surface profile was recorded for each increment in the tension forces. The deflections at the four-node paths (N1, N2, N3, and N4) were also recorded using the laser displacement sensor with point by point scanning. The stresses and deformation plots of numerical simulation results are shown in Figure 10. It has been observed that stresses and deflections due to the anchor point force are of higher magnitude near the edges of the parabola. Due to the symmetric loading, the uniform stress pattern is observed in the radial directions of the parabola. The surface profile on the respective node path is shown in Figures 11–14. It has been observed that for loading analysis, the relative error in the numerical and experimental surface profile is less than 20%. The magnitude of the surface error along the node paths is shown in Table 5. The strain induced at eight anchor points was obtained numerically and compared with the experimental findings. The comparison between the numerical and experimental values of strain gauge reading is shown in Table 4. It has been observed that relative error in the results is less than 15%. Thus, the numerical simulation for loading analysis is verified and the results are in agreement with the experimental findings.
Offshore pipeline buried in Indian coastal clay: buckling behaviour analysis
Published in Ships and Offshore Structures, 2021
Debtanu Seth, Bappaditya Manna, J. T. Shahu, Tiago Fazeres-Ferradosa, Francisco Taveira-Pinto, Paulo Rosa-Santos, Francisco V. C. Taveira Pinto
For performing the finite element analysis, the entire soil volume is discretised into multiple elements. 15-node triangular elements are used for the soil mass. They are the default elements used for the stress–strain analysis of soil volume and proven to be producing almost accurate results (PLAXIS 2015). Similar elements were also used by previous researchers to analyse load-displacement behaviour of soil (Nagtegaal et al. 1974; Sloan 1982; Sloan and Randolph 1982) and pipe-buckling (Newson and Deljoui 2006; Seth et al. 2021) and obtained satisfying results. A 15-node triangular element is composed of 15 nodes or displacement point and 12 Gauss point (Stress point). Moreover, it provides a fourth order interpolation for displacement. Two 15-node triangular elements are shown in Figure 2, for both layer 1 and layer 2. However, the pipeline is modelled using a 5-node beam or line element during the 2D finite element analysis. A 5-node beam element contains 5 nodes and 4 pairs of Gauss points (stress points). Such beam element allows deflection of the beam under shear force and bending moment (Plaxis 2015). A beam element is shown in Figure 2.