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Routing in Wireless Self-Organizing Networks
Published in Mohamed Ibnkahla, Adaptation and Cross Layer Design in Wireless Networks, 2018
Marcelo Dias de Amorim, Farid Benbadis, Mihail S. Sichitiu, Aline Carneiro Viana, Yannis Viniotis
As previously described, the location service is composed of two functional blocks: dissemination and discovery. Based on this criterion, we can also classify routing protocols into three categories related to the type of location service:Proactive. These protocols have been designed upon the same principles as routing protocols for wired networks. Proactive protocols [49], such as DSDV (Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector routing protocol) [44], OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing protocol) [8], and HSR (Hierarchial State Routing protocol) [40], continuously maintain route entries for all destinations, including nodes to which no packets are sent. Routing tables are thus continuously updated, which allows nodes, at any moment, to communicate with each other without incurring additional delay and overhead for route establishment (in contrast with reactive protocolsm as described below).Updating routing tables in this way allows fast communication establishment and low delay. However, a large amount of communication overhead is generated to keep all nodes’ routing tables updated. Because of their ability to discover routes quickly, proactive protocols are appropriate for networks where quality of service is required and a high amount of communication exchanged.reactive. Reactive protocols [49] construct routes between sources and destinations as they are needed. Routes are thus discovered on demand. Usually, route discovery is based on flooding a request message, relayed by nodes, until it reaches the destination or a node aware of a way to reach the destination node. DSR (Dynamic Source Routing protocol) [28], TORA (Temporally-Ordered Algorithm protocol) [40], and AODV (Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector routing protocol) [42] are examples of reactive routing protocols.Hybrid. Hybrid routing protocols are a mix of proactive and reactive protocols. HSLS (Hazy Sighted Link State routing protocol) [50], for example, uses a mathematical optimization to be able to use a link-state method with a reactive forwarding mechanism in order to optimize routing table updates. ZRP (Zone Routing Protocol) [19] is also a hybrid routing protocol that uses a proactive component within the zones and a reactive one between them. Distributed hash tables (DHTs), like Peernet [14] or Tribe [54], are also considered hybrid routing protocols. In these schemes, each node n is responsible for storing locations of some nodes in a distributed fashion. Each time a node moves, it must send its new position to the node that is responsible for storing its location information (note that this procedure is the dissemination part of the location service). We present in section 11.8.2 a complete example of a routing protocol based on DHTs.
Smart grid mechanism for green energy management: A comprehensive review
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2023
Adila Fakhar, Ahmed M.A. Haidar, M.O. Abdullah, Narottam Das
The recent advancements in wireless technology motivated many researchers in the past years to intensively propose the application of wireless communication in various fields, particularly in the smart grid applications (Li and Lin 2015). Daoud and Fernando (2011) reviewed several existing communication technologies that have been adopted for machine-to-machine communication in the future smart grid. A planned approach through a simple scenario as illustrated by (Simon et al. 2017) has been introduced to improve the performance of a Zigbee protocol for smart energy systems. Stefano, Scaglione, and Wang (2010) also reviewed some proposed approaches for channel modeling and interference mitigation by implementing methods for joint transmission over the power-line channels (3–500 kHz) and unlicensed wireless channels (902–928 MHz). The performance of wireless mesh systems when deployed for automatic metering infrastructure was carried out by (Berger, Schwager, and Escudero-Garzás 2013). In this study, the researchers used a hybrid wireless mesh protocol and optimized link-state routing protocol. For smart grid applications, it is stated that a high data rate with a larger range of 100 m indoor can be obtained from the use of Wi-Fi as compared to Bluetooth and ZigBee (Mahmood, Javaid, and Razzaq 2015). It was also concluded that for the home area network, the ZigBee is more suitable to accommodate a number of nodes. However, the data rate (40–250 kbps) of ZigBee is less than Wi-Fi which is in the range of (11–300 Mbps).
Internet of Medical Things (IoMT): Overview, Emerging Technologies, and Case Studies
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2022
Sahshanu Razdan, Sachin Sharma
In this subsection, we provide a case study on SDN enabled E-healthcare where SDN is enabled in the IoMT devices and an SDN controller is placed at the cloud, as shown in Figure 8. In this case study, not all the IoMT devices have the Internet connectivity to connect with the controller. Therefore, those devices have not communicated with the controller through the other IoMT devices in the network. In [37], we provided an algorithm to automatically establish an SDN session between a wireless SDN connected network with the controller where only a few wireless devices can reach the controller directly. In this work, a standard OpenFlow protocol is used as an SDN protocol to connect with the controller. We applied the same algorithm to connect IoMT wireless devices with the controller. In this algorithm, hybrid SDN wireless IoMT devices are used where IoMT wireless devices can run traditional protocols as well as OpenFlow protocol. Traditional routing protocols such as OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing Protocol) is used as a protocol to find the path to the controller. The control paths are established on the path decided by traditional routing protocols and data paths are decided by the application running on the controller (see Figure 8).
Model and simulations of multipath bridge routing for inter-swarm UAV communications in EMANE/CORE
Published in International Journal of Modelling and Simulation, 2022
Zhe Chu, Fei Hu, Elizabeth Serena Bentley, Sunil Kumar
The high dynamics of UAV network topology makes the MANET communication protocol development very challenging. Most of the existing protocols address the transport layer congestion control and network layer routing protocol separately. From the perspective of network layer, several major routing protocols with different versions have been introduced and analyzed. The proactive routing protocol, Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR), and reactive protocol, Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), are two representative schemes. Most studies such as Ouacha et al. [6] and Romanik et al. [7] focus on the enhancement of previous protocols. The performance metrics to estimate the path cost and make routing decision are the core topics in these enhanced routing schemes. From the perspective of transport layer, congestion control is important. For example, Wang et al. [8] discussed the modifications of TCP congestion control by modifying its slow-start phase. Other schemes enhance the congestion window control [9] to eliminate unexpected slow-down of TCP sending rate.