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Real-Time Operating Systems
Published in Leanna Rierson, Developing Safety-Critical Software, 2017
Multitasking is a method where multiple tasks, also known as processes, share a common processor. Multitasking creates the appearance that many tasks are running concurrently on a processor when, in fact, the kernel interleaves (for a single core processor) their execution using a scheduling algorithm. When the processor stops executing one task and starts executing another task, this is called a context switch. When context switches occur frequently enough, it appears that tasks are running in parallel. Each seemingly independent program (task) has its own context, which is the processor environment and system resources that the task sees each time it is scheduled to run by the kernel.
Sensory, cognitive, and physical challenges of aging specific to transportation
Published in Carryl L. Baldwin, Bridget A. Lewis, Pamela M. Greenwood, Designing Transportation Systems for Older Adults, 2019
Carryl L. Baldwin, Bridget A. Lewis, Pamela M. Greenwood
Multitasking, as the term suggests, involves performing more than one task at a time. Drivers must multitask—maintain control of the vehicle's speed, lane position, etc., while concurrently remembering where they are going and scanning the environment for potential hazards. Running errands and navigating through a busy airport also involve multitasking, as one must keep the task goal(s) in mind while executing the individual tasks in an efficient manner. Older adults have more difficulty multitasking than their younger counterparts and therefore are more at risk for inefficient or unsafe performance as individual task complexities increase.
Packet Forwarding in the Switch/Router
Published in James Aweya, Designing Switch/Routers, 2023
A multitasking OS is one that can execute multiple tasks (also called processes) concurrently over a certain period by switching between the tasks very rapidly. The tasks may pertain to multiple different users or all relate to a single user. Usually, multitasking OSs (e.g., UNIX, Linux, newer versions of Microsoft Windows from Windows 2000) have several levels of execution; the interrupt level, the OS kernel level, and the process level. The interrupt level is where the hardware and software interrupts are processed, while, the OS kernel level is where the time critical OS tasks are processed.
Interruptions and multitasking in surgery: a multicentre observational study of the daily work patterns of doctors and nurses*
Published in Ergonomics, 2018
Tommaso Bellandi, Alessandro Cerri, Giulia Carreras, Scott Walter, Cipriana Mengozzi, Sara Albolino, Eleonora Mastrominico, Fernando Renzetti, Riccardo Tartaglia, Johanna Westbrook
The literature on human factors in health care has explored the potential relationships between cognitive job demands and safety, in terms of workers’, patients’ and organisational outcomes (Gaba and Howard 2002; Costa 2003; Landrigan et al. 2004; Rogers et al. 2004; Carayon et al. 2005, 2008, 2011; Stone et al. 2008; Gurses, Carayon, and Wall 2009; Magrabi et al. 2010; Needleman et al. 2011; Li, Magrabi, and Coiera 2012; Shouhed et al. 2012). More recently, this literature has focused on specific risks related to interruptions and multitasking, reporting their pervasive extent and potentially disruptive effects in the clinical environments (Coiera 2012). Interruption can be defined as any temporary diversion from the current task performed within in individual’s main activity, due to an external intervention that moves the professional’s attention to a secondary task until the main task is resumed or forsaken. Multitasking can be defined as the simultaneous performance of one or more tasks related to one or more activities. Multitasking by health care workers is frequent and is implicated as a contributor to work strain with potentially negative effects for patient safety (Weigl et al. 2013). The frequency of interruptions to nurses during medication administration has been shown to correlate with an increased probability and severity of process and clinical errors (Westbrook, Woods et al. 2010). Kalisch and colleagues (2010) performed an observational study on nursing activities at two hospitals and found that nurses were interrupted every 6 min, they spent 34% of their time multitasking and made an error (including policy violations) 1.5 times per hour. They found no evidence of correlation between interruptions, multitasking and errors, but their study highlights the high frequency of interruptions and multitasking in nursing activities. Weigl and colleagues (2013) in a study of hospital physicians found that in 21% of their working time, physicians were engaged in simultaneous activities and that this was associated with self-reported strain.
Multi-agent scheduling problems under multitasking
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2021
Dujuan Wang, Yugang Yu, Yunqiang Yin, Tai Chiu Edwin Cheng
The scheduling problems we consider are related to two streams of scheduling research: (i) multi-agent scheduling, and (ii) multitasking scheduling. We give a brief review of some representative works in these two research streams and provide the main differences between our research and those studies.