China 
Africa 
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Published in Uwe Engel, Anabel Quan-Haase, Sunny Xun Liu, Lars Lyberg, Handbook of Computational Social Science, Volume 2, 2021
Stefan Bosse, Lena Dahlhaus, Uwe Engel
If the court follows the advocate general’s opinion – which it does more often than not – an indexing or other extraction of a third-party database would constitute an infringement of the database right only if it harms the database maker economically in a way that threatens the recouping of the maker’s investment. If the database is the only source of the data, the database maker must make sure that interested parties can use it for alternative products. Such a ruling will probably have a bearing on screen-scraping cases other than an indexing by a metasearch engine and make it altogether easier to collect data on the open internet.
A comprehensive review from hyperlink to intelligent technologies based personalized search systems
Published in Journal of Management Analytics, 2019
Moreover, the internet does not possess any catalogue like feature, and thus, most of the Electronic Commerce users are dependent on several search engines such as Yahoo, Google, ASK, etc. in order to search for the relevant E-Commerce website for online purchase of any particular product. In this research work, they highlighted that none of the search engines could index more than 16% of the internet with reference to the literature. The issue is not just the volume but is also the relevancy concerning customer requirements, if the search string/query is incorrect, incomplete or ambiguous then, in that case, search engines repossess a large volume of links in the search results as the search engines often tend to return links by interpreting all the possible meanings of a search query entered by the user (Patil, Ghonge, & Sarode, 2014). The authors proposed an adaptive and intelligent search tool, IMSS-E tool, for ranking the E-Commerce websites in order to assist an online customer in searching for a suitable website while searching for a particular product as well as in helping an online retailer to structure his/her website in the best possible manner so as to satisfy the personalized purchase requirement of the customer better. The proposed research work uses Apriori mining – map reduces based Big Data analytics framework, supported by semantic web and back-propagation neural network to well adapt to the personalized requirements of the customers by understanding from the previous mistakes in ranking the E-Commerce websites. They experimentally verified the improved efficiency of the proposed tool by comparing the ranking precision of the recommended tool with a popular metasearch engine, Dogpile. The proposed IMSS-E tool is shown in Figure 1.