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Theranostic: Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy
Published in Mohammad E. Khosroshahi, Applications of Biophotonics and Nanobiomaterials in Biomedical Engineering, 2017
The presence of PAMAM, gold, and folic acid typical bonds on the surface of magnetite nanoparticles were proved by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy (BOMEM, Canada). Particle size and morphology of magnetite nanoparticles were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM, Philips CM-200-FEG microscope, 120 kV). The amount of gold nanoparticles attached to the magnetodendrimer was estimated using wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–WDX, XL30, Philips, USA). The fluorescent properties of nanoparticles were determined using fluorescence Spectro Fluorophotometer (RF-1510, Shimadzu, Japan). The fluorescence microscopy of cells were performed by Axioscope (Zeiss, Germany). The MDA MB231 cells were cultured on coverslips placed in a 12 well plate. After 24 h, ID (third generation dendrimers-G3), IDAF-NaBH4 IDAF 10, IDAF Hydr, and IDAF NP nanoparticles with the concentration of 100 μg/mL were added to each well and incubated for a further 24 hours. The cells were fixed at 4% glutaraldehyde (Sigma, UK) solution in PBS for 1 h. The cellular uptake of nanoparticles were observed by SEM (XL30, Philips, USA). Furthermore, wavelength dispersive X-Ray analysis (WDX, Philips, USA) based on Fe element was performed to observe map distribution of nanoparticles attached to the cells. The cells with concentration of 1 × 104 were then seeded on coverslips following the addition of nanoparticles. After 24 h, the medium was removed, the cells rinsed with PBS and the fluorescent emission of cells containing nanoparticles was detected by a fluorescence microscope (Axioscop, Zeiss, Germany). For the purpose of hyperthermia, the MDA MB231 cells were cultured in a plate for 24 hours prior to addition of optimal nanoparticles (with the concentration of 50 μg/mL). After addition and incubation for further 24 hours, non-reacted nanoparticles were washed with PBS twice and fresh culture medium was added. Each well was irradiated by 534 nm laser for 10 minutes and the efficiency of hyperthermia was evaluated using MTT assay.
Diagnostics and Therapy Based on Photo-Activated Nanoparticles
Published in Surender Kumar Sharma, Nanohybrids in Environmental & Biomedical Applications, 2019
Erving Clayton Ximendes, Uéslen Rocha Silva, Carlos Jacinto da Silva
A good example of the potential application of inorganic multifunctional NPs was presented by Carrasco et al. (2015). In their research, the authors demonstrated how single core relatively highly doped (5.6 at.%) LaF3:Nd3+ NPs under 808 nm light excitation are capable (at the same time) of deep tissue imaging, sub-tissue thermal sensing and acting as an efficient photothermal agent for in vivo hyperthermia treatment of human tumors (breast cancer, MDA-MB-231 line) using a xenograft murine animal model (Rocha et al. 2013, 2014, Carrasco et al. 2015). The authors selected 5.6 at.% of Nd ions as an ideal multifunctional agent after a systematic study of the light-to-heat efficiency conversion and emitted intensity of LaF3:Nd3+ NPs by varying the doping neodymium concentration levels under 808 nm excitation. As stated in section 4.3.2.2, the mechanism of heat delivery to the environment under NIR excitation is produced as a result of multiphonon relaxation from the Nd3+ excited states or by emission quenching mediated by closely located non-radiative centers (killers). The authors also studied the temperature dependence behavior of the 4F3/2 → 4I9/2 emission band of Nd3+ ions (corresponding to the 850–930 nm range) in the physiological temperature range (30–40°C) and a linear dependence of the emission peaks ratio at 865 and 885 nm (R=I865/I885) was found, with a thermal sensitivity of 0.25% K−1 and a temperature accuracy/resolution close to ΔT = 2°C. By means of this emission band, real control and temperature sensing was achieved during the in vivo photothermal treatment (Henderson and Imbusch 1989, Bednarkiewicz et al. 2011, Graham et al. 2013, Jaque et al. 2014, Rocha et al. 2014, Carrasco et al. 2015, Abadeer and Murphy 2016).
Arsenic, cadmium, and mercury-induced hypertension: mechanisms and epidemiological findings
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2018
Airton da Cunha Martins, Maria Fernanda Hornos Carneiro, Denise Grotto, Joseph A Adeyemi, Fernando Barbosa
Grotto et al. (2009) showed the effects of chronic exposure to 100 µg/kg/day MeHg for 100 days on male Wistar rats. Even at low doses, MeHg increased the levels of MDA, depleted GSH and decreased catalase (CAT) activity – an important enzyme responsible for conversion of H2O2 into H2O and molecular oxygen, accompanied by hypertension. Furthermore, rats that were exposed to MeHg presented a positive correlation between MDA levels and systolic blood pressure, suggesting that elevated lipid peroxidation induced by ROS may be associated with high systolic blood pressure development. Similarly, male Sprague–Dawley rats were exposed to 3 mg MeHg/kg for 14 days after receiving a special diet supplemented with or without low or high levels of Se and/or vitamin E (Jin et al. 2011). It was found that MeHg significantly increased urinary F2-isoprostanes levels in control rats and even in rodents that were administered low Se and vitamin E supplementation, suggesting an elevated risk of atherosclerosis in these animals. Furthermore, MeHg reduced paroxonase-1 activity (an important anti-atherosclerotic factor) and increased serum oxidized LDL levels in all dietary groups. Thus, evidence indicated a mechanistic explanation for the association between MeHg exposure and enhanced risk of cardiovascular disease occurrence (Jin et al. 2011). Also, long-term occupational exposure to elemental Hg resulted in increased lipid peroxidation and consequent mortality from ischemic heart disease (ICH) among mercury miners even years after cessation of the exposure (Kobal et al. 2004).
The in vitro study of Her-2 targeted gold nanoshell liquid fluorocarbon poly lactic-co-glycolic acid ultrasound microcapsule for ultrasound imaging and breast tumor photothermal therapy
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2018
Yu Zhang, Cai-feng Wan, Jing Du, Qi Dong, Yuan-yuan Wang, Hong Yang, Feng-hua Li
The photothermal hyperthermia effect of Her2-PFOB@PLGA@Au NP in vitro was testified in SKBR3 cells and MDA-MB-231 cells. And SKBR3 cells and MDA-MB-231 cells were incubated with NPs suspensions, respectively. Firstly, SKBR3 cells and MDA-MB-231 cells incubated with PFOB@PLGA@Au NPs suspensions in different concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 μg/mL) for 4 h and irradiated with NIR laser for 10 min (808 nm, 1 W/cm2). The concentration 0 μg/mL was the DMEM groups with or without the laser as a control. The viabilities of the cells were evaluated by MTT. The results were showed in Figure 6(C), implying that the cell viabilities decreased with the increasing concentrations of the NPs suspension, and when the concentration was up to 200 μg/mL, only less than 20% of the SKBR3 cells and 231 cells remained viable. Secondly, SKBR3 cells and MDA-MB-231 cells were divided into different groups, respectively. The cancer cells exhibited a significant decrease of cell viabilities along with the incubation of Her2-PFOB@PLGA@Au NPs with SKBR3 cells (Figure 6(D) and (E)). SKBR3 cells overexpress the Her2, so the targeted ultrasound contrast agent could combine with SKBR3 cells, and after the NIR laser irradiation for 10 min (808 nm, 1 W/cm2), a large number of cells died due to the photothermal effect. As comparison, the no targeted group, the low-expression of Her2 group and targeted inhibition group had no obvious cell death after the NIR radiation, suggesting that the NPs hold remarkable photothermal therapeutic effect. Taken together, Her2-PFOB@PLGA@Au NPs could specific binding with SKBR3 cells and had great potential for killing cancer cells under the laser irradiation.
Driving under the influence of drugs: Prevalence in road traffic accidents in Italy and considerations on per se limits legislation
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2018
D. Favretto, S. Visentin, G. Stocchero, S. Vogliardi, R. Snenghi, M. Montisci
Padova LOQs are 0.1 ng/mL for 6-acetylmorphine (6-AM); 0.5 ng/mL for tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH), and ketamine; and 1 ng/mL for cocaine, benzoylecgonine, morphine, codeine, methadone, 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA). Limits of detection (LODs) are 0.03 ng/mL for 6-AM; 0.1 ng/mL for THC, THC-COOH, and ketamine; and 0.3 ng/mL for all other drugs.