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Healthcare Internet of Things – The Role of Communication Tools and Technologies
Published in Naveen Chilamkurti, T. Poongodi, Balamurugan Balusamy, Blockchain, Internet of Things, and Artificial Intelligence, 2021
K. Lalitha, D. Rajesh Kumar, C. Poongodi, Jeevanantham Arumugam
LoRa is a wireless modulation scheme used in the physical layer to develop a communication link in the long range. Other wireless technologies applied in the physical layer include WCDMA and OFDAMA, which may be used for LTE and UMTS (3G) networks. LoRaWAN is a short form of a low-power wide-area network (LPWAN), established to connect the sensors and IoT devices for the heavy volume of deployment. LoRa is implemented to provide certain key benefits such as extended battery in terms of lifetime with several years and also deployment cost effective with extended range. LoRa uses a modulation scheme such as chirp spread spectrum modulation to significantly increase the communication range. The main reason to prefer LoRa compared to other wireless technologies is its long-range communication capability. A base station or a single gateway can extend its service to hundreds of kilometers or a complete city [7,8].
Analysis of Energy Efficient Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT): LPWAN Comparison, Challenges, and Opportunities
Published in Anuj Singal, Sandeep Kumar, Sajjan Singh, Ashish Kr. Luhach, Wireless Communication with Artificial Intelligence, 2023
Rasveen, Shilpy Agrawal, Khvati Chopra
Lora – is an abbreviation of long-range, and it is a wireless technology where a low-powered sender transmits small data packets (0.3 kbps to 5.5 kbps) to a receiver. Chirp-spread spectrum modulation technique is used by LoRa. A gateway can handle hundreds of devices simultaneously, and gateways are powered and connected to the internet. Also, the gateways can handle multiple frequencies simultaneously. LoRa-WAN works asynchronously because this is attracted by the applications that are in extended sleep mode. Lora cannot handle dense networks and provide quality service (QoS) because it works in an unlicensed spectrum. Table 11.3 shows the technical characteristics of LoRaWAN according to SEMTECH, LoRa alliance and other sources.
IoT Reference Architectures
Published in Stavros Shiaeles, Nicholas Kolokotronis, Internet of Things, Threats, Landscape, and Countermeasures, 2021
V. Kelli, E. G. Sfakianakis, B. Ghita, P. Sarigiannidis
LoRaWAN defines the communication protocol and system architecture for the network, while the LoRa physical layer enables the long-range communication link. LoRaWAN is also responsible for managing the communication frequencies, data rate, and power for all devices. LoRa and LoRaWAN permit inexpensive, long-range connectivity for the IoT devices in rural, remote, and offshore industries. Typical uses of LoRa products can be found in the following industries: mining, natural resource management, renewable energy, transcontinental logistics, and supply chain management. Fleet Space Technologies [21] uses LoRaWAN to provide massive connectivity to IoT sensors and devices in rural, remote, and offshore areas.
LoRaWAN Networks for Smart Applications in Rural Settings
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2023
Luis M. Bartolín-Arnau, David Todoli-Ferrandis, Víctor Sempere-Payá, Javier Silvestre-Blanes, Salvador Santonja-Climent
LoRa modulation is based on CSS (Chirp Spread Spectrum), using linear frequency modulation chirp pulses with high bandwidth to encode information. Chirp pulses are sinusoidal signals with varying frequency over time, determining symbols that represent the information. The number of bits that can be encoded in each symbol is given by the spreading factor (SF), with a relation of 2SF. The range of SF values admitted is between 7 and 12 [17]. The duration (in seconds) of a symbol, knowing the SF and the bandwidth (BW) can be calculated as: Derived from (1), increasing the SF value means lowering the bit rate and therefore, increasing the Time on Air (ToA) of a packet. BW also influences this, inversely as the SF (incrementing BW reduces ToA), but due to limitations in there the regional parameters of the LoRaWAN network infrastructure used [18], this parameter is always set to 125kHz. This also reflects in the power consumption of the device, as it needs to enable the radio interface for longer periods to send the data. On the other hand, the coverage range increases for higher SFs values as this increased ToA results in greater robustness against noise [19]. LoRa modulation has another important characteristic that makes it fitting for the proposed application, and it is its immunity against the Doppler Effect. The small frequency shift caused by this effect, when transmitter and receiver move at different speeds (the GW is fixed, and the sensors will be moving), hardly affects the baseband signal in the time domain.
Smart water management system for residential buildings in Saudi Arabia
Published in Journal of Applied Water Engineering and Research, 2022
LoRa is a wireless technology that can support low power, long range and secure data transmission for IoT and machine to machine applications in different types of industries. It is derived from spread spectrum modulation techniques based on chirp spread spectrum (CSS) modulation technology with low power characteristics but is designed for long-range communications (Aoudia et al. 2018). LoRa is designed to connect sensors, gateways, devices, and machines wirelessly and to the cloud. LoRa uses license-free, sub-gigahertz radio frequency bands from 433 to 915 MHz. The physical layer is usually covered by LoRa technology, while upper layers are covered by other protocols and technologies such as long-range wide area network (LoRaWAN) (Khutsoane et al. 2017).
Development of a low-cost UAV-based system for CH4 monitoring over oil fields
Published in Environmental Technology, 2021
Siwen Liu, Xufei Yang, Xiaobing Zhou
The data storage and transmission part included an SD card reader and a Dragino LoRa transceiver. LoRa refers to Long-Range communication and it is one of the most promising wireless communication protocols for Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications, including distributed air monitoring [23, 24] and airborne air monitoring [25, 26]. Although the long-term goal was to build a LoRa network (LoRaWAN) to gather real-time monitoring data from multiple UAVs to a web server, in this project the LoRa transceivers were configured to enable a simple point-to-point communication, i.e. from the sensor node to the ground station. Both the LoRa transceiver and the SD reader used the SPI bus to communicate with the microcontroller.