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Service Availability of Virtual Machines in Cloud Computing
Published in Pankaj Bhambri, Sita Rani, Gaurav Gupta, Alex Khang, Cloud and Fog Computing Platforms for Internet of Things, 2022
Opeyemi Osanaiye, Steve Adeshina
OS virtualization, which is also referred to as container-based or shared kernel virtualization, can be described as a concept where many isolated user-space instances are allowed by the kernel of an OS to exist in parallel, instead of one. This implies that the OS and not the hardware is being virtualized and the guest OS environment shares the same OS as the host physical machine (Shaoo et al., 2010). In memory virtualization, the memory of the physical machine that is virtualized is allocated to the VMs according to their demand. The hypervisor maps the physical memory to the virtual memory. The hypervisor can also be used to consolidate the main memory in a virtualized cloud datacenter to aggregate free memory of different servers into segments to create a pool of virtual memory which can be allocated to VMs when requested (Chandrasekaran, 2014). Hypervisors can be categorized into two, namely, type 1 hypervisor and type 2 hypervisor. The type 1 hypervisor, which is also known as bare metal, runs directly on the hardware of the physical host. It manages the guest OSs and the hardware resources of the physical host. Type 2 hypervisor is a distinct second layer that runs within a formal OS environment with the guest OS above the hardware running as the third layer. It is also known as hosted hypervisor.
Real-Time Operating Systems
Published in Leanna Rierson, Developing Safety-Critical Software, 2017
Similar to the BSP, the device driver provides the interface between the RTOS kernel and a hardware device. The hardware devices may be on the processor board or separate. Hardware on the processor board may be handled by the BSP or a separate driver. The driver is a low-level, hardware-dependent software module that provides the interface between an application (sometimes mediated by higher level RTOS library or kernel functions) and a specific hardware device. A device driver is responsible for accessing the hardware registers of the device and may include an interrupt handler to service interrupts generated by the device. Most avionics systems have multiple devices, such as Ethernet devices, ARINC 664 avionics full-duplexed switched ethernet (AFDX) end systems, RS-232 serial devices, I/O ports, analog-to-digital converters, and controller area network (CAN) databuses.
Designing the Switch/Router
Published in James Aweya, Designing Switch/Routers, 2023
The kernel is the central part of the router OS that manages the system’s processing and memory resources, and the communication between hardware and software components. The kernel is the basic component of an OS that also provides abstraction layers for hardware (especially for the memory and processors), and the I/Os that allows hardware and software to communicate. The kernel also makes these facilities available to user-level applications through inter-process communication mechanisms and system calls.
Coronary Artery Heart Disease Prediction: A Comparative Study of Computational Intelligence Techniques
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
Safial Islam Ayon, Md. Milon Islam, Md. Rahat Hossain
For SVM, Kernel: Indicates the kernel type to be utilized in the algorithm. There are different types of kernel like: “linear”, “poly”, “rbf”, “sigmoid”, “precomputed” and so on. In this paper, the polynomial kernel is used.C: Penalty parameter C of the error term. Here, error term = 1.Degree: Degree of the polynomial kernel function. Here, the polynomial kernel function = 3.
Cyber Diversity Index for Sustainable Self-Control of Machines
Published in Cybernetics and Systems, 2022
A kernel is the core to any Operating System (OS). The kernel sits between applications and resources, such as the Central Processing Unit (CPU), memory and devices. Applications and programs have lower privileges and make system calls to the kernel to get access to those resources. Applications cannot make direct calls and their requests must be processed by crossing the user-space and kernel boundary (IBM 2019).