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Emerging Technologies and Associated Terminologies
Published in Amalendu Chatterjee, Autonomous and Integrated Parking and Transportation Services, 2019
For the rural as well as global economy, connectivity by sea, rail, planes, or roads is as important as connectivity by wires, satellite, wireless, fiber, or copper. The former is used to transport goods and people and the latter is used to transport information for business exchange and information exchange to be part of variety of decisions. In this chapter, two such infrastructures’ roles are described at all levels of such information exchange. They are telecommunications infrastructure and the Internet infrastructure. Different service platforms are then built upon such infrastructures to provide end user services and other applications. A telecommunications infrastructure is the basic level of physical end to end connections. An Internet infrastructure consisting of network and higher layer connections based on the open system interface (OSI) is built upon the telecommunications infrastructure to provide a variety of network services or applications to satisfy consumers’ needs as they arise. Internet infrastructure cannot be built without the prior presence of telecommunications infrastructure.
Introduction of Computer Networks
Published in Dijiang Huang, Ankur Chowdhary, Sandeep Pisharody, Software-Defined Networking and Security, 2018
Dijiang Huang, Ankur Chowdhary, Sandeep Pisharody
Computer networks build the fundamental Internet infrastructure to support various Internet applications. Back to the example of sending an email vs. sending a mail given at the beginning of this chapter, we realized Internet can greatly improve the efficiency of message delivery and reduce the cost of the traditional mail service on how to deliver a letter. The major benefit of using the digitalized Internet to revitalize the traditional messaging delivery system is to remove the human-in-the-loop requirement at the intermediate nodes through the message delivery path and automate the control function for message delivery via various programmable interfaces. In the following chapters, we can see many protocol examples and they mainly focus on how to build more effective interfaces and incorporate more programmable capabilities to further improve the efficiency and functionalities of our network.
Concept of IP-Address Lookup and Routing Table
Published in Weidong Wu, Packet Forwarding Technologies, 2007
The Internet infrastructure determines whether the Internet routing is unstable. The Internet comprises a large number of interconnected regional and national backbone networks based on contracts, where backbone service providers peer, or exchange traffic and routing information with one another. Any Internet service provider or end user may connect or disconnect with others according to its requirement. Internet topology is dynamic, and the changes in Internet topology must be recorded in the routing table. Therefore, the routing table is unstable, which is called routing instability. Informally, routing instability is defined as the rapid change of network reachability and topology information [7].
MQTT Vulnerabilities, Attack Vectors and Solutions in the Internet of Things (IoT)
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
Ahmed J. Hintaw, Selvakumar Manickam, Mohammed Faiz Aboalmaaly, Shankar Karuppayah
Nevertheless, developers encounter various difficulties with DPWS when employing it on IPv4 Internet infrastructure. The main issue is difficulty in implementing the dynamic discovery mechanism in a public network because of the limited range of UDP multicast messages to the local subnet. Another issue is due to multiple bidirectional data communication and data representation in XML format which generates massive traffic on the Internet and grows latency in application/device communications. Thus far, home entertainment, automotive systems, and automation have widely employed DPWS in their systems [60]. Also, enterprise infrastructures and Internet can maintain integration with DPWS [61]. However, some features of DPWS such as publish/subscribe eventing and dynamic discovery will be limited in global device deployments due to a large number of IoT gadgets.
An AES Implementation with Improved PDL Based PUF Key Generator for IoT Devices
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2023
Amol K. Boke, Sangeeta Nakhate, Arvind Rajawat
Internet of Things (IoT) can be defined as diverse types of embedded devices collaborating with the help of current internet infrastructure to give advanced connectivity to the devices and systems. Its services are beyond machine-to-machine communications (M2M) and cover various protocols, domains, and applications. Three significant components needed attention while understating the IoT a. Things/devices with sensors and actuators having a unique ID, b. Storage for raw data generated from things/devices, and c. Analytical and computing capability to process the information. Networked sensors report machines’ current status as basic information stored in local data storage or sent to the cloud via internet connectivity. This necessary information is then analyzed. According to set parameters, the server sends signals back to networked devices to act on information received via connected actuators. Figure 1 shows the interaction between the IoT components discussed above.
IPORM: A Resource Management Scheme for Fog-Enabled Cloud Environments: An Improved Political Optimizer-Based Approach
Published in Cybernetics and Systems, 2022
Xing Juan Fan, Bao Qing Liu, Fei Yang, Hui Li, Hong Yan Huang
With the introduction of the internet of things (IoT) into everyday life, residents of smart homes can remotely control cooling devices via their mobile phones, which was previously possible via SMS (Mozaffari, Houmansadr, and Venkataramani 2019; Kunkel et al. 2021). Currently, the Internet has made this task easy, and IoT has also provided smart solutions as a tool. Using the cloud to collect data and process them is very important (Mozaffari and Houmansadr 2022). But without the cloud, it is much more difficult to compare data over larger areas. The use of cloud computing also provides high scalability. Hence, when we have a large number of sensors, it is very expensive and time-consuming to put a lot of computing power on each sensor (Radhoush, Shabaninia, and Lin 2018). If the data can be transferred to the cloud through all these sensors, the processing can take place there. IoT is generating a lot of data that is putting a lot of pressure on the internet infrastructure. As a result, companies are scrambling to find ways to solve the data problem. In the meantime, cloud computing seeks to help solve this problem by building interconnected devices (Vahidi Farashah et al. 2021; Radhoush et al. 2022).