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Digital Transformation and the Cybersecurity of Infrastructure Systems in the Oil And Gas Sector
Published in Edward Ochieng, Tarila Zuofa, Sulafa Badi, Routledge Handbook of Planning and Management of Global Strategic Infrastructure Projects, 2020
Governments play a crucial role in securing national critical infrastructure. Cybersecurity regulations, policies, and strategies may serve as the foundational elements, but other initiatives could also build a holistic approach to cybersecurity – for instance, the government guiding the private sector to develop cybersecurity innovative technologies, working with the private sector to safeguard critical supply chains, developing with the private sector a shared repository of cybersecurity actionable information in collaboration with law enforcement and intelligence agencies, and encouraging new generations of young citizens to pursue careers in cybersecurity (Coldebella and White, 2007). Indeed, as argued by Harknett and Stever (2009), the responsibility for cybersecurity should be placed on a balanced triad of governmental collaborations, private sector involvement, and engaged cyber citizenship. This triadic model will cultivate the resiliency and sustainability required in an increasingly challenging cybersecurity environment.
Understanding risk communication approaches for dam related disasters
Published in Jean-Pierre Tournier, Tony Bennett, Johanne Bibeau, Sustainable and Safe Dams Around the World, 2019
Because dams today are one of the critical infrastructures providing essential services to the public, their failure can cause further destruction to other critical infrastructure systems as they are tightly interdependent and interconnected with each other. When critical infrastructure systems are disrupted or damaged, it imposes further danger to the public as they serve essential services (distribution of power, food, medical services, transportation, etc.). Such emergency situations can interrupt the speed and effectiveness of response and interfere with the process of recovery as well. An inadequate risk assessment analysis will merely suggest a false sense of safety and as a result, it fails to achieve dam safety and puts the community in danger. Dam risk management requires collective efforts of stakeholders (dam operators, regulators, local authorities, first responders, businesses and industries, local residents, local interest groups, etc.) to share their knowledge, skills, and tools to understand hazard, vulnerability, and exposure to develop plans to reduce risk. To cope with dams as technological hazards, every stakeholder must be involved in the process as part of dam-community partnership-based disaster management.
Cyber threat on critical infrastructure
Published in Paolo Gardoni, Routledge Handbook of Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure, 2018
Omar Kammouh, Gian Paolo Cimellaro
It is reasonable to think that there are some infrastructures that are more likely to be attacked by prowlers than others since the damage they would produce is higher. Such critical infrastructures, in case of collapse, could start a domino effect. A critical infrastructure can be defined as a system that includes all elements necessary to provide a sustainable service, such as the nation’s power plant, transportation network, waste management, water network, telecommunication facilities, etc. These entities, together with the welfare and the financial system, create a network of externalities, also called interdependencies, in which all the other infrastructures and services are involved. Interdependency is defined as a bidirectional relationship between two infrastructures where the state of one influences or is correlated to the state of the other, and the collapse of one would produce a knock-on effect on all the network (Cimellaro 2016). Since the risk is the product of the likelihood of an event and the impact of the event, we can affirm that the risk of an element being failed is a function of the risk of other elements in the system being failed: , (19.1)
Investigating the Effects of Climate Change on Structural Actions
Published in Structural Engineering International, 2022
André Orcesi, Alan O’Connor, Dimitris Diamantidis, Miroslav Sykora, Teng Wu, Mitsuyoshi Akiyama, Abdul Kadir Alhamid, Franziska Schmidt, Maria Pregnolato, Yue Li, Babak Salarieh, Abdullahi M. Salman, Emilio Bastidas-Arteaga, Olga Markogiannaki, Franck Schoefs
Critical infrastructure represents a key element of all sectors of the economy (e.g. transportation, energy) and their continuous operation is of critical importance. Climate change can significantly affect infrastructure, especially in, but not limited to coastal environmental (e.g. bridges, coastal energy power plants etc.), not only in terms of the increase in the occurrence/severity of extreme events threatening their expected structural performance (e.g. storm surge acting along with sea-level rise) and increasing potential losses but also regarding their structural condition (e.g. degradation of built materials). Therefore, one major goal is to determine specific relationships relating hazard levels and structural vulnerability to climate change effects. This understanding will help towards the development of integrated risk assessment approaches and better design and assessment codes, considering both changes in resistance and load processes, and cost–benefit optimization under uncertainty, for informed decision-making on necessary actions to protect critical infrastructure and to enhance resilience of infrastructures to extreme weather events in the short, medium and long-term.
Modelling fortification strategies for network resilience optimization: The case of immunization and mitigation
Published in IISE Transactions, 2022
Alberto Costa, Tsan Sheng Ng, Jidong Kang, Zhuochun Wu, Bin Su
Modern human history is replete with catastrophic events involving large scale disruptions of critical systems, for example, the power grid failure in Switzerland and in Italy in 2003 (Buldyrev et al., 2010), and in the recent decade, the nuclear disaster in Fukushima, Japan (Kinoshita et al., 2011; Yasunari et al., 2011). The issue of resilience is an important aspect in the design and management of critical infrastructure and cyber-physical systems, and is increasingly emphasized as an agenda of national security interest. For example, the U.S. National Electric Grid Security and Resilience Action Plan released in December 2016 highlighted three main goals for strengthening the security and resilience of the U.S. and Canada electric grid from hazards and threats: (i) protect and enhance the preparedness of the current electric grid, (ii) manage contingencies and enhance response and recovery efforts, and (iii) build a more secure and resilient electric grid for the future (Executive Office of the President of the United States, 2016).
Managing disaster risk associated with critical infrastructure systems: a system-level conceptual framework for research and policy guidance
Published in Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems, 2022
Rachel A. Davidson, James Kendra, Bradley Ewing, Linda K. Nozick, Kate Starbird, Zachary Cox, Maggie Leon-Corwin
Critical infrastructure systems, such as electric power, water supply and telecommunications, are essential to community functioning and minimising disruptions in the services they provide is an important part of resilience. A great deal of engineering-focused research has been conducted in recent decades to characterise the hazards to which infrastructure systems are exposed, the vulnerability of their physical components to damage and the resulting interruptions in the services they provide (e.g. Chang et al. 2007; Dong et al. 2020). At the same time, more recently, there has been growing recognition of the importance of connecting the concepts of system functioning, which has been the main focus of those engineering efforts, and societal functioning, which is the concept of ultimate interest (e.g. Links et al. 2018; NEHRP 2014; ATC 2016; NIST 2016; Hasan and Foliente 2015; Davis 2019, 2021; Rojahn et al. 2019; Bruneau et al. 2003). The former refers to the provision of the service through a network, for example, the percentage of customers receiving water and the latter refers more generally to the ability of industries and businesses to operate; emergency services to perform their duties; households to participate in or get to work, school and leisure activities; and individuals to drink, bathe and live their daily lives.