China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Partial Responses and Single-Sideband Optical Modulation
Published in Le Nguyen Binh, Advanced Digital, 2017
Even though optical communications have been extensively developed for ultra-high-capacity transport networks, the demand for high-speed communication systems over ultra-long-reach and ultra-long-haul offering greater capacity is expected to offer challenges for further technical development for bandwidth-efficient networking. The global Internet traffic has been growing rapidly, typically doubling the backbone traffic each year. This drives a requirement for higher channel speeds per Internet port. As Internet backbone routers are currently moving to 40 Gbps, 100 Gbps and even higher in the Tbps with flexible spectrum as the core long-haul networks. It is foreseen that if the information economy continues its growth unabated, then efficient transmission techniques for increasing the bit rates may be required in the near future.
The BEMS central station
Published in G.J. Levermore, Building Energy Management Systems, 2013
Each computer on the Internet is given an IP address, four numbers between 1 and 256 separated by periods, e.g. 192.168.177.155. Connection to the Internet is via an internet service provider (ISP) which has highspeed access to the Internet backbone network. There are extra protocols for e-mail, where individual PCs are not connected to the Internet but connected to an e-mail server, a larger PC dedicated to controlling the internal LAN and its communication with the Internet. A simple protocol for communicating with the server is by using POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3). This way a user can log in, log out, fetch, store and send messages.
INTERconnected NETwork: Internet
Published in Akshi Kumar, Web Technology, 2018
Every computer connected to the Internet accesses the Internet through an Internet Service Provider (ISP). The ISP, in turn, may connect to a larger network such as a Network Service Provider (NSP) that provides backbone services to the Internet service provider. These connections are collectively known as Internet Backbone. The backbones carry Internet traffic around the world and meet at Network Access Points (NAPs). ISPs connect either directly to a backbone, or they connect to a larger ISP with a connection to a backbone. Thus, the basic building blocks of the Internet that allow the network communication and its successful implementation consist of: An Internet backbone is a collection of routers (nationwide or worldwide) connected by high-speed point-to-point networks.A NAP is a router that connects multiple backbones (sometimes referred to as peers).Regional networks are smaller backbones that cover smaller geographical areas (e.g., cities or states).A point of presence (POP) is a machine that is connected to the Internet.ISPs provide dial-up or direct access to POPs. Commercial organization with permanent connection to the Internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers. The computer first connects to the ISP and then to the Internet.
Efficient resource management techniques in cloud computing environment: a review and discussion
Published in International Journal of Computers and Applications, 2019
Frederic Nzanywayingoma, Yang Yang
The aggregation switch in the aggregation layer forwards traffic from multiple ToR switches to the core layer. A core router in core layer is a router designed to operate in the Internet backbone and must support multiple communication interfaces of the fastest speed and must be able to forward IP packets at full speed on all of them. It monitors communication channels between internal networks and external networks to prevent risks on external networks from affecting internal networks. Load balancers receive data traffic and increase effective network bandwidth by distributing network connection requests to multiple servers using a distribution algorithm. A server is a computer program running to serve the requests of other programs, the “clients” such as sharing data, information or hardware and software resources (i.e. file server, mail server, print server, web server, application server, so on.)
An offline scheme for reducing cost of protection in all-optical WDM mesh networks with fast recovery
Published in International Journal of Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems, 2019
Vishal Dey, Abhishek Bandyopadhyay, Uma Bhattacharya, Monish Chatterjee
As the traffic over the Internet is growing exponentially every year, a single fiber in Optical WDM networks that form the Internet backbone will carry huge amount of data. The disruption of this traffic due to a fiber failure even for a brief period is indeed a serious affair. Thus designing survivability schemes to protect traffic disruption due to fiber failures will remain one of the most important areas of research [1]. Since a fiber cut is the most commonly occurring fault in optical networks, most works on fault have addressed the problem of surviving from a single link failure [1]. In order to accommodate the rapidly growing traffic, network resources have become scarce and so it has become necessary that reliable networks be designed in a cost-efficient way.
Real-time video object detection and classification using hybrid texture feature extraction
Published in International Journal of Computers and Applications, 2021
N. Venkatesvara Rao, D. Venkatavara Prasad, M. Sugumaran
Enzo Baccarelli et al., [9] discuss the performance in the stream cloud platform using two techniques. Initially, the current prototype does not perform forecasting of the volume of offloaded data. Hence, the design of reliable techniques for real-time forecasting of the workload offloaded by big data streams is a first topic for future research. Second, in order to reduce both the processing latency and congestion of the Internet backbone, the second tier of the Big Data Stream Mobile Computing architecture could also host local Fog centers. By design, Fog centers cooperatively process the less-intensive offloaded tasks, while forwarding the most expensive ones to remote data centers.