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CE-Enabling Technologies
Published in Marcello Tonelli, Nicoló Cristoni, Strategic Management and the Circular Economy, 2018
Marcello Tonelli, Nicoló Cristoni
One of the most widely known cloud-based companies is Google, whose major services – from Gmail to Google Earth – are all delivered from the cloud. The main environmental sustainability advantage of cloud technology is a centralization of energy requirements in the hands of the one company operating the cloud computing data centres – as opposed to individual users – hence making the search for energy efficiency more vital for the business. Allowing for a better alignment between the interests of the service provider and those of its clients (i.e. pay-per-use), cloud computing also pushes the boundaries of server usage efficiency. IBM offers a wide range of cloud computing solutions spanning from Platform as a Service (PaaS) – where applications can be transferred to public or private clouds – to Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) – which provides companies with computing resources including servers, networking, storage, and data centre space on a pay-per- use basis.15
Sustainability Analytics Applications
Published in Ram Ramanan, Introduction to Sustainability Analytics, 2018
IBM’s research division (IBM Research) is one of the largest and most influential private research institutions worldwide, with more than 3,000 researchers in 12 labs located across six continents.731 IBM Research has developed an analytics/Internet of Things (IoT) tool that gathers weather, air pollutant, and chemical concentration, emissions, and traffic data across a network of sensors installed over a broad geographical area. The analysis of this data provides air pollution forecasts that can be used to implement mitigation measures in advance to reduce the impact of periodic, weather-induced air pollution events.
Computational Neuroscience and Compartmental Modeling
Published in Bahman Zohuri, Patrick J. McDaniel, Electrical Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Neurological Disorders, 2019
Bahman Zohuri, Patrick J. McDaniel
Watson is an IBM supercomputer that combines AI and sophisticated analytical software for optimal performance as a “question answering” machine. The supercomputer is named for IBM’s founder, Thomas J. Watson.3
The Los Alamos Computing Facility During the Manhattan Project
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2021
The third computing method was to adapt PCAMs to solve scientific equations.7 Punch-card tabulating machines had been developed by Herman Hollerith for the 1890 census. His machines were very successful, but the business was not. This result led to a merger with two other companies in 1911 to create the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company, which was renamed International Business Machines (IBM) in 1924 (Ref. 11). Originally the machines were tabulators that could add numbers and sort cards. Functionality was gradually added to make the machines more versatile for use in accounting and recordkeeping. The added functionality included subtraction, alphanumeric records, sorting options, collation, and removable control plug boards. The first IBM machine that could multiply, the type-601 multiplying punch, was released in 1931 (Ref. 12). The highly successful type-405 alphabetical accounting machine, the most advanced tabulator, was released in 1934 (Refs. 11 and 12). Eventually, a full suite of IBM machines would include a collator, an interpreter, a keypunch, a reproducer, a sorter, and a verifier in addition to the type-405 tabulator and type-601 multipler.11 Descriptions of the eight types of IBM machines, which are discussed later in this paper, can be found in Refs. 8, 10, 11, and 13.