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High-Performance Switch/Routers
Published in James Aweya, Designing Switch/Routers, 2023
To support portability of an operating system across multiple platforms, vendors typically implement a hardware abstraction layer in the operating system. The hardware abstraction layer provides abstraction of the capabilities of the different hardware platforms. With hardware abstraction, porting the operating system to a new hardware platform is accomplished without rewriting the core of operating system (i.e., the modular processes and kernel) that comprises the majority of the codebase. New code that is required for porting is decoupled from the core code by the abstraction layer and is restricted to hardware-specific interfaces on the hardware abstraction layer. With operating system portability across the entire vendor switch/router product line, a single switch/router operating system can span the entire network.
Wireless Communication Systems in the Smart Grid
Published in K. R. Rao, Zoran S. Bojkovic, Bojan M. Bakmaz, Wireless Multimedia Communication Systems, 2017
K. R. Rao, Zoran S. Bojkovic, Bojan M. Bakmaz
Smart devices report their current operating status to the HEC, whereas the operating modes of dumb appliances can be inferred using power measurements transmitted by attached smart plugs. These data enable the HEC to determine when loads are in standby mode and switch them off. The location of the scheduling intelligence in the HEC enables complex scheduling to be applied individually in each load. Authentication is a critical security service in SG networks, and it mainly involves the smart meters in different component networks of the SG.Example 8.6To answer the question how a SG communication system can be separated from the power transmission and distribution system, the SG hierarchical networking [34] can be applied, as shown in Figure 8.10.It can be seen that it is an information-sharing network comprising several hierarchical components. The transmission substation and the control centers of the distribution substations are connected with one another in a mesh-networking manner, which can be realized over optical fiber technology. The remaining components are divided into several networks based on real metropolitan topology.Example 8.7An important issue is how to implement nodes for SG test beds [35]. The functional architecture can be proposed as shown in Figure 8.11. The hardware abstraction layer is an interface for upper level function that screens hardware-specific details. Also, it provides data interfaces to both receiving data path and transmitting data path, as well as an access interface to other resources on the hardware platform. The spectrum and the channel manager control all the related resources, including links, frequencies, and modulation methods. The spectrum detection and prediction module provides the information regarding the availability of some frequency bands.The decision-making module uses decision algorithms to select which channel and when it will be used. Learning algorithms are implemented as an independent module. The spectrum and channel manager can use geolocation information (latitude and longitude) from the corresponding module to load prior information about the current location from the knowledge/policy/database. The routing manager uses routing algorithms to select the best route for sending and relaying data packages. The data manager organizes all the data from upper-level applications and the data to be relayed. The security manager provides encryption and decryption to the data manager, routing manager, and spectrum and channel manager. The intelligence base stores prior knowledge, policies, data, and experiences.
Performance evaluation of windows virtual machines on a Linux host
Published in Automatika, 2020
Josip Balen, Krešimir Vdovjak, Goran Martinović
Virtualization layer or platform maps requests from a virtual machine to physical requests and supports virtual environments with software approaches. Virtual environment can be provided with several different methods and at several different levels of abstractions [3]. Those levels are Instruction Set Architecture (ISA), Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL), operating system and user level. ISA-level virtualization emulates another architecture by translating from one ISA to another, sometimes by rewriting instructions. Virtualization at HAL-level exploits the similarity in architectures between the virtual and host machines and use the native hardware to executes certain instructions without emulation. HAL-level virtualization used in experiments is hown in Figure 1.
Automation of product packaging for industrial applications
Published in International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 2018
C. Perez-Vidal, L. Gracia, J. M. de Paco, M. Wirkus, J. M. Azorin, J. de Gea
A Robot Operating System (ROS) platform over Ubuntu has been used for the experiments developed in this work. ROS provides libraries and tools to help software developers to create robot applications as well as the services of an operating system: hardware abstraction, low-level device control, etc. In order to communicate the CAN modules (Schunk modules and robot hands) via a PCAN-USB interface, the ROS package libpcan, LibPCan (2016), has been used. Other ROS packages that have been used are schunk_powercube_chain, RosPCANdrivers (2016) and schunk_hardware_config. The robot description is set up using URDF (Unified Robot Description Format, URDF 2016), which is an XML format for representing a robot model.
Technological Development and Its Effect on IT Operations Cost and Environmental Impact
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2021
František Dařena, Florian Gotter
When it comes to CPU/instruction set and virtualisation, special virtualisation layers can be utilised to supply emulated environments, especially for older hardware solutions. A usual solution consists of combining virtual machine and hardware abstraction layers. Abstraction binds modern hardware solutions (not only a CPU instruction set) to legacy emulated hardware utilised by the guest system. An example of such a solution is Charon-AXP (emulating legacy platforms PDP-11, Vax, and AXP alpha server). Another way to handle incompatibilities on memory or storage architecture is using a containerised solution that some vendors provide for standard x86 and/or x64 platforms (HP UX containers) on top of classical virtualisation.