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Engineering as Art and the Art of Engineering
Published in Diane P. Michelfelder, Neelke Doorn, The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Engineering, 2020
In some sense, the provocative position put forward by C.P. Snow in The Two Cultures (1959) is an early appeal to the need to take scientific knowledge and technological insight seriously as products of culture. His appeal was particularly aimed at ensuring a clear knowledge of basic principles of science in a society he deemed overly focused on the products of culture (i.e., literature, the arts). In other words, he suggested that the laws of thermodynamics should receive equal attention to Shakespeare in early education. While at the time his position met with as much resistance as support, the underlying valuations of the domains of scientific knowledge and humanities remain present in many areas of study and policymaking. Currently, many elements of technological skill are becoming more embedded in secondary school programs, which reflects not only the societal need but also the development of these formerly often specialized fields into a more intuitive approach, possible to convey even to elementary school children. As an example, Scratch was developed as a visual programming language in order to help children to intuitively grasp the structures of computer programming, and is increasingly used not only in high schools, but also in elementary and middle schools.
In-Vitro and FEM Analysis with New Trends for the Future
Published in J. Middleton, M. L. Jones, G. N. Pande, Computer Methods in Biomechanics & Biomedical Engineering – 2, 2020
Aldo Toni, Marco Viceconti, Luca Cristofolini, Massimiliano Baleani, Gianni Acquisti, Robert Schreiner
Two load cases were simulated: a heel strike (HS) load case, defined after the stress shielding experimental protocol, and a pure torsion (PT) load case, defined after the primary stability protocol. The first load case (HS) was used (i) to validate the FE model, (ii) to investigate the structural behaviour of the model and (iii) to predict cement stresses under the conditions of peak external load. The torsional load case was used to analyse the accuracy of the interface modelling and to predict cement stresses in the most critical load case for assessing primary stability. In both load cases a boundary condition was imposed such that all nodes on the most distal slice (cortical bone only) were fixed with zero displacement. Material properties were obtained by the manufacturers of the bone analogue and of the implants. The AFIT model was designed with a gap interface between the metal and the bone tissue. To simulate the initial press-fit, an initial interference of 0.004 mm was imposed to the gap elements. This value was obtained in a preliminary study where the primary stability measurements were used a reference. The CLU model instead was designed with two different interface models. The “GAP” model was designed with a gap interfaces at all the interfaces between metal and the other materials (bone and cement). The “GRASP” model had most of the nodes at the cement-metal interface merged while the stem-bone interface was modelled with gap elements. Only the lateral most nodes of the cement inlet were left separated from the stem surface, as in that area a clear detachment of the stem-cement interface exists. The GAP and the GRASP were comparatively validated with respect to the various experimental measurements. All the models described were solved using the PATRAN/FEA solver (MacNeal-Schwendler Corp.; Los Angeles, USA).
Ergonomics
Published in W. David Yates, Safety Professional’s, 2015
The nature of the hand-to-object coupling or gripping method can affect not only the maximum force a worker can or must exert on the object but also the vertical location of the hands during the lift. A good coupling will reduce the maximum grasp forces required and increase the acceptable weight for lifting, while a poor coupling will generally require higher maximum grasp forces and decrease the acceptable weight for lifting.
Modeling and Analysis of Hadoop MapReduce Systems for Big Data Using Petri Nets
Published in Applied Artificial Intelligence, 2021
Dai-Lun Chiang, Sheng-Kuan Wang, Yu-Ying Wang, Yi-Nan Lin, Tsang-Yen Hsieh, Cheng-Ying Yang, Victor R. L. Shen, Hung-Wei Ho
The key points that have earned the MapReduce framework of Hadoop praise and success include the following items: It is easy to grasp, even for software engineers without experience in distributed systems.Since Hadoop is an open-source framework, the system developer can customize its contents, such as <key, value> pairs generation method, as well as data distribution, thereby gaining greater control over their designs as well as greater flexibility.MapReduce can process a wide variety of problems, such as Google searches and data mining.The Hadoop system is highly scalable; i.e., it can comprise thousands of computers.
Workshops of the seventh international brain-computer interface meeting: not getting lost in translation
Published in Brain-Computer Interfaces, 2019
Jane E. Huggins, Christoph Guger, Erik Aarnoutse, Brendan Allison, Charles W. Anderson, Steven Bedrick, Walter Besio, Ricardo Chavarriaga, Jennifer L. Collinger, An H. Do, Christian Herff, Matthias Hohmann, Michelle Kinsella, Kyuhwa Lee, Fabien Lotte, Gernot Müller-Putz, Anton Nijholt, Elmar Pels, Betts Peters, Felix Putze, Rüdiger Rupp, Gerwin Schalk, Stephanie Scott, Michael Tangermann, Paul Tubig, Thorsten Zander
This workshop reviewed the current state of noninvasive BCI-controlled grasp neuroprostheses in end users with spinal cord injury (SCI). Despite medical advances, severe SCI remains a devastating condition with little potential for functional recovery. Improvement of impaired hand function is a high priority for patients and health professionals [125]. When surgical solutions are not applicable due to the lack of enough strong muscles under voluntary control, a noninvasive grasp neuroprosthesis with functional electrical stimulation (FES) is an easy-to-apply option to restore grasp patterns for everyday activities. While the basic feasibility of noninvasive neuroprostheses using surface electrodes has been known for decades, persistent challenges limit their regular, independent use. Needed improvements include easy and quick electrode placement, robust generation of multiple grasp patterns in different hand positions, and an intuitive user interface that is distinct from the preserved residual functions and provides natural neuroprostheses control.
Time efficiency and physical workload in manual picking from large containers
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2018
Robin Hanson, Lars Medbo, Majeed Assaf, Patrik Jukic
Several studies (e.g. Norman et al. 1998; Neumann et al. 1999) have found that high physical load in manual handling in the automotive industry contributes to low back pain, identifying force upon the L4/L5 vertebral joint as a significant risk factor. As such, we measured physical workload according to peak compression force at the L4/L5 vertebral joint in the low back with the Siemens Jack computer manikin (Jack 8.3: www.plm.automation.siemens.com). We modelled each component in terms of overall physical dimensions and weight, and we simulated picking from each pallet section from both the horizontal and tilted pallets (Figure 2). With the grasp function of the Jack software, the manikin positioned itself in a posture that enabled picking. We used the default manikin operator in simulations corresponding to a man 1.74 m tall.