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Overview
Published in Naoaki Yamanaka, High-Performance Backbone Network Technology, 2020
The proposed network architecture, based on network downsizing, is very different. The global network would consist of many self-contained unit networks, called local networks, and a backbone network connecting the local networks. User terminals would be connected to the local networks via access links. All of the basic network services for users would be provided by the local networks; the backbone network would conceal the geographical distribution of the local networks and the distances between them from the users through the use of broadband inter-local network connections. For the access links serving as entry points to the network, only the connectivity and capacity would be important; the physical technologies used, such as whether an optical fiber or a wireless connection is used, would be of no concern to the users.
Development of Music Marketing on the internet
Published in Tom Hutchison, Paul Allen, Web Marketing for the Music Business, 2013
The Internet is described as a global network connecting millions of computers. Unlike online services, which are centrally controlled, the Internet is decentralized by design. Each Internet computer, called a host, is independent. It got its start as several universities and government organizations saw the benefit in connecting mainframe computers together to share information. The military saw its use for communication in case the country was ever under attack. Little did they realize that in 2007, a blockbuster Bruce Willis movie would feature the country under attack of just such an infrastructure.
The emergence of information technology: A state of practice report
Published in F.B.J. Barends, J. Lindenberg, H.J. Luger, L. de Quelerij, A. Verruijt, Geotechnical Engineering for Transportation Infrastructure, 2017
Gradually, Usenet and Arapanet turned into Internet. The Internet is a global network, which connects many computer networks. While networks connect individual computers, which have information on each machine, the Internet connects information independent of the computer or the operating system. It is based on a common addressing system and communications protocol called TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). TCP/IP is a protocol standard of data packet transmission which has been incorporated in the UNIX operating system.
A transmission length limit for space division multiplexing in step-index silica optical fibres
Published in Journal of Modern Optics, 2019
Svetislav Savović, Alexandar Djordjevich, Ana Simović, Branko Drljača
During the last decades, global network traffic increased exponentially, mainly due to the rapid Internet evolution (1). With the increasingly use of video on demand, cloud storage and computing, and the emerging Internet of things, the trends show no sign of decline. Most of this data traffic is now supported by optical fibre systems. This capacity increase was caused by successive technology improvements: low losses single-mode fibres, fibre amplifiers, multiplexing, and high-efficiency spectral coding (1). Multiplexing of optical data can be realized not only in wavelength, but also in polarization, in time, in phase and in space. Multiplexing technique can be employed both in low-power and high-power optical fibre transmission systems (1,2). Space division multiplexing (SDM) including mode division multiplexing using multimode fibres or few-mode fibres and/or core multiplexing using multicore fibres, has attracted much attention in the last decade for the next multiplicative capacity growth for optical communication (1,3–8). SDM may operate at the same wavelength or different wavelengths (9). In the case of SDM at the same wavelength, radially distributed, dedicated spatial locations are assigned to every SDM channel inside the carrier fibre as these channels traverse the length of the carrier. The location of the each channel inside the fibre is a function of the launch angle and the strength of mode coupling. In practice the channel launched with input angle θ0 =0o along the fibre axis appears in the form of disk, while all subsequent channels launched with θ0 >0 appear as concentric rings. The centre disk and each ring represent a separate spatially modulated optical channel, thereby enhancing the bandwidth of optical fibre system (Figure 1).