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Off-Chip and In-Chip Communications for FPGA Systems
Published in Juan José Rodríguez Andina, Eduardo de la Torre Arnanz, María Dolores Valdés Peña, FPGAs, 2017
Juan José Rodríguez Andina, Eduardo de la Torre Arnanz, María Dolores Valdés Peña
Packets are injected into the NoC or withdrawn from it by means of the network interface of every core, as shown in Figure 7.9. The network interface of every core is in charge of producing—or retrieving—data according to the rules defined for the NoC. In the most general sense, data exchanged between two cores at a given time, as a result of a computation done in the transmitting node, are called messages. Messages are split into packets that, at the same time, are split into one or more flits, composed of several phits. A flit is the minimum amount of data that may be exchanged between two network elements (two routers or an NI and its router). A phit is the amount of bits that can be exchanged at a time, and it is dependent on the characteristics of the link. In contrast to conventional networks, links may be composed of a set of parallel wires transmitting more than one bit at a time.
Efficient and Low-Power NoC Router Architecture
Published in Choi Jung Han, Iniewski Krzysztof, High-Speed and Lower Power Technologies, 2018
Network-on-Chip (NoC) architecture provides a communications infrastructure for the cores of a multi-core System-on-Chip (SoC). The NoC resources are connected to the SoC cores enabling them to communicate among each other concurrently by sending messages asynchronously. NoC systems improve the scalability and power efficiency of complex SoCs as compared to other conventional communication systems. Figure 9.1a illustrates an SoC including some IP cores which are connected through a 4 × 5 mesh NoC architecture. The NoC includes a network of switches (routers) which are interconnected by data links. Figure 9.1b illustrates a typical NoC router that consists of some input- and output-ports, an arbiter and a crossbar switch [1]. The input- and output-ports can be simple data buses that connect a router to its channels, but at least one of them should include a circuit to perform buffering and traversal of incoming flits. In all the designs presented in this paper, the input- ports only utilize buffering organization, and the output-ports are simple data buses. A most viable communication mechanism employed in NoCs is packet-based wormhole routing [2]. The messages in wormhole routing are organized as multiple packets where each packet consists of some flits. A flit is a basic unit of data that is generally transferred at clock rate. The first flit of a packet is called the header flit and holds the route information of its associated packet. The remaining flits are called body flits except the last flit, that is called the tail flit. The body and tail flits contain data and can contain two pieces of information: tail state and VC identification.
In-Depth Review of Network on Chip
Published in Muhammad Athar Javed Sethi, Bio-Inspired Fault-Tolerant Algorithms for Network-on-Chip, 2020
The term “switching technique” refers to the control of messages (packets or flits) flowing between routers in the NoC. It helps the routing algorithm avoid congestion and conflicts between routers. Circuit-switching techniques do not require a forwarding strategy, as the resources are already reserved for them. Packet switching requires a forwarding strategy, as it has to decide on a per-node basis and it requires buffering. In packet switching, flits are saved in the router before any routing decision. There are broadly three types of switching techniques: store and forward, virtual cut-through and wormhole switching.
Omega multistage interconnection network manages double-pattern traffic with a regulator and high-speed forwarding method
Published in International Journal of Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems, 2023
Eleftherios Stergiou, Dimitrios Liarokapis, Spiridoula Margariti, Ilias Bombotsaris
The flits are routed through the system using the wormhole routing technique in conjunction with the algorithm shown in Appendix A, which acts at the flit level when the header of a worm begins to move. Several different trials were carried out using the simulator with various values of the regulator (R) to increase the simulation's final accuracy, and the average of these trials was considered the final result. In all experiments, the arriving load must not exceed , because higher values of , when combined with additional traffic (e.g. HS traffic), could easily cause MIN congestion.
Proactive flow control using adaptive beam forming for smart intra-layer data communication in wireless network on chip
Published in Automatika, 2023
Dinesh Kumar T.R., Karthikeyan A.
The packets are divided into flits, which are smaller pieces. The header flit is the initial flit of a packet, and it contains control information for packet delivery such as the source address, destination address, operation type, packet type, role, priority, and payload size. The path flit is the second flit of the packet, and it provides the path information along with the packet's sequential number in the current transaction between the source and destination. The body flit, also known as the payload, is the third flit of the packet and contains the actual data to be transferred to the destination. The packet format, as shown in Figure 2, is made up of nine fields, including the Source (Sc), which is the communication's initiator. The destination core address is indicated by the letter DC. The type of transaction (read, write, conditional write, broadcast, etc.) is indicated by the operation (Op). The type of information being exchanged (such as data, instructions, or signal types) is indicated by type. The source component's role (e.g. user, root, etc.) is indicated by the role. The priority of traffic is classified by priority. The packet payload, or the number of bytes in the payload, is indicated by size. Payload denotes the actual data information created by the source core, whereas Path denotes the packet's registered path. PF. SDC assigns a proportional weight to each data flow to suit service needs. This is accomplished by setting the priority field in the header file to 0 or 1. Normal or Low Priority (LP) data traffic is coded as 0, while emergency or High Priority (HP) data traffic is coded as 1. Emergency traffic needs superior service. As a result, priority in procuring network resources is usually given to emergency or real-time traffic for rapid and reliable transmission. The most extensively used packet scheduling algorithms are Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ) [29], Weighted Round Robin (WRR) [30], and Strict Priority (SP) [28]. A tight scheduling discipline with a probabilistic priority (SPP) queuing mechanism is used in the suggested model to cope with the starving problem and make priority discipline adjustable. SPP distinguishes itself from conventional scheduling algorithms by being “simple to develop and configure, effectively utilizing existing bandwidth and requiring very little memory and processing power.” SPP looks at how likely it is that a queue will be served and offers different levels of service based on traffic by giving each queue parameters (high or low priority).