China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Managing Legal and Physical Complexities of Urban Environments
Published in Rajabifard Abbas, Atazadeh Behnam, Kalantari Mohsen, BIM and Urban Land Administration, 2019
Rajabifard Abbas, Atazadeh Behnam, Kalantari Mohsen
In the context of urban land administration, models from the last category could be considered as the most intelligent ones, which provide the capability to map physical complexities inside urban developments. CityGML is the most prominent example used for modeling both geometric and semantic aspects of buildings in 3D digital environments. This 3D physical model provides the ability to represent a building in various levels of detail (LoD). In the coarsest LoD, buildings in CityGML can be represented as extruded blocks, while the finest LoD provides the geometric representation of interior structures and indoor spaces of complex buildings (see Figure 1.9 ). In addition, semantic entities associated with various building components such as doors, windows, walls, ceilings, and columns are defined by the finest LoD. The semantic relationships between building components are also supported in CityGML. For instance, there are bounding relationships between an indoor space and the walls bounding that space. Another comprehensive 3D physical model of buildings is known as Building Information Model (BIM), which is the major focus of this book. BIM provides a very rich and intelligent digital infrastructure for managing 3D building components over the entire lifecycle of buildings.
Accurate and Detailed Image-Based 3D Documentation of Large Sites and Complex Objects
Published in Filippo Stanco, Sebastiano Battiato, Giovanni Gallo, Digital Imaging for Cultural Heritage Preservation, 2017
Filippo Stanco, Sebastiano Battiato, Giovanni Gallo
The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) developed the GML3, an extensible international standard for spatial data exchange. GML3 and other OGC standards (mainly the OpenGIS Web Feature Service (WFS) Specification) provide a framework for exchanging simple and complex 3D models. Based on the GML3, the CityGML standard was created, an open data model and XML-based format for storing, exchanging, and representing 3D urban objects and in particular virtual city models.
Generation of serious games environments from BIM for a virtual reality crisis-management system
Published in Symeon E. Christodoulou, Raimar Scherer, eWork and eBusiness in Architecture, Engineering and Construction, 2017
CityGML is an XML-based information model for 3D city and landscape models. It can store information regarding the geometric, topologic, visual, and semantic features of the model in various detail levels (Kolbe 2012).
A unified 3D space-based navigation model for seamless navigation in indoor and outdoor
Published in International Journal of Digital Earth, 2021
Jinjin Yan, Sisi Zlatanova, Abdoulaye Diakité
The U3DSNM also can be mapped to another existing data model – CityGML. Figure 7 illustrates the UML diagram that maps the classes of the U3DSNM to classes of on-going version of CityGML 3.0. CityGML is an OGC standard, which is an open data model and XML-based format for the storage and exchange of virtual 3D city models. The aim of the development of CityGML is to reach a common definition of the basic entities, attributes, and relations of a 3D city model, in which spaces (class AbstractSpace) and space boundary (class AbstractSpaceBoundary) are introduced (Kutzner, Chaturvedi, and Kolbe 2020). The AbstractUnoccupiedSpace means the unoccupied spaces that represent physical volumetric entities that do not occupy space in the urban environment, i.e. no space is blocked by these volumetric objects. Examples for unoccupied spaces are building rooms and traffic spaces. This definition aligns to the Space in U3DSNM. The class ClosureSurface represents the surfaces for enclosing an open space to volume. Therefore, the classes Space, SpaceBoundary in U3DSNM are mapped to the AbstractUnoccupiedSpace, ClosureSurface in CityGML 3.0 respectively.
BIM/GIS integration for web GIS-based bridge management
Published in Annals of GIS, 2021
Junxiang Zhu, Yi Tan, Xiangyu Wang, Peng Wu
On the GIS side, primarily, two data formats or standards are being used, i.e., City Geography Markup Language (CityGML) (Deng, Cheng, and Anumba 2016b) and shapefile (Isikdag, Zlatanova, and Underwood 2013; Zhu et al. 2019a). Compared with CityGML, shapefile is more flexible in receiving BIM information. CityGML is an XML-based open data model for the storage and exchange of virtual 3D city models. When CityGML is used, more challenges have to be solved, such as mapping of classes, mapping of level of detail (LoD) between IFC and CityGML and restrict geometry transformation from solid models to surface models. In addition, in terms of modelling method, CityGML mainly uses surface models, while shapefile uses solid models which are more advanced than surface models. This means shapefile has greater potential than CityGML, for example, in 3D printing, and the geometry transformation between BIM and GIS can be achieved in an easier manner. There are other formats being used in BIM/GIS integration, such as Geography Markup Language (GML) (Amirebrahimi et al. 2016a) and Geodatabase (Teo and Cho 2016; Isikdag 2006), but they are not as often used as CityGML and shapefile.
Bayesian calibration at the urban scale: a case study on a large residential heating demand application in Amsterdam
Published in Journal of Building Performance Simulation, 2020
Cheng-Kai Wang, Simon Tindemans, Clayton Miller, Giorgio Agugiaro, Jantien Stoter
An international standardized format such as CityGML, which is based on the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standard (Gröger et al. 2012), and possibly with the support of the Energy ADE (Agugiaro et al. 2018), can be an alternative option. CityGML is based on the Geography Markup Language (GML) to represent and exchange virtual 3D city models. It can define 3D geometry, semantics, ontologies and appearance of most relevant topographic objects of different spatial scales on varying levels of detail (LODs). Besides the existing CityGML thematic modules (bridge, building, city furniture, and so on), it is possible to extend the new classes and attributes by the Application Domain Extension (ADEs) such as Energy ADE, Utility Network ADE (Kutzner and Kolbe 2016), etc., where the Energy ADE is highly relevant to the urban building energy modelling purpose. More future works are required to understand and test how the Energy ADE can support multi-scale and multi-domain simulation and how the standardized data model can fit diverse energy simulation engines and simulation applications.