China
Africa
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Integrated Geographic Information System for Real-Time Observations and Remote Sensing Data Acquisition
Published in Kevin Yallup, Krzysztof Iniewski, Technologies for Smart Sensors and Sensor Fusion, 2017
The sensed data are transmitted from sensors to the air pollution monitoring system through the control system. Figure 20.5 illustrates our data model that abstracts sensed data and then it uploads and stores them at intervals to the grid infrastructure. The sensed data are accessible form SQL databases. During this process, the GSN does not discontinue to monitor the specified areas. In order to support the system interoperability and queries of multiple databases, we have to encode the abstracted geosensor data by adopting the geography markup language (GML) specification. GML is an extensible markup language (XML) grammar for expressing geographical features [25]. GML also serves as a modeling language for geographic systems as well as an open interchange format for geographic transactions on the web facilitating data exchange across the grid infrastructure.
The Open Geospatial Consortium and Location Service Standards
Published in Hassan A. Karimi, Advanced Location-Based Technologies and Services, 2016
Geography Markup Language (GML) is an XML grammar for expressing geographical features. GML serves as a modeling language for geographic systems as well as an open interchange format for geographic transactions on the Internet. As with most XML-based grammars, there are two parts to the grammar: the schema that describes the document and the instance document that contains the actual data. Elements of GML have been incorporated into dozens of other standards with the goal of having common and consistent mechanisms for expressing and communicating location.
Modeling Location
Published in Krzysztof W. Kolodziej, Johan Hjelm, Local Positioning Systems, 2017
Krzysztof W. Kolodziej, Johan Hjelm
Geography Modeling Language (GML) is an XML language for the encoding, transport, and storage of geographic information, including both their geometry and properties of geographic features. GML is also an XML representation of the OGC simple features, which is a specification for vector-based map content (geographic features) for GIS.
Requirements of a data storage infrastructure for effective land administration systems: case study of Victoria, Australia
Published in Journal of Spatial Science, 2022
Davood Shojaei, Farshad Badiee, Hamed Olfat, Abbas Rajabifard, Behnam Atazadeh
Pavlovic-Lazetic (2007) compared NXDBs with XML-enabled databases in dealing with XML files. In this research, different methods for accessing XMLs from relational databases, XML-enabled as well as NXDBs, were presented. The methods were compared based on general features in relation to dealing with different types of XML files and how each respond to processing the requests, especially for recursive queries. Both NXDB and XML-enabled databases were recommended for portability and efficiency purposes. However, in NXDBs users are free from knowing the XML schema and data structure to design the database. Hu proposed using NXDBs for storing GML files. The GML standard was published by OGC in 1999 for information sharing and interoperation of spatial data using the XML format. In this study, NXDB was used to store GML files, but the impact of an increase in the number of GML files was not tested in this study. Lee (2010) concluded that the combination of the Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) with XML provides more flexibility, reliability, usability and integration. However, the NXDB method provides denormalisation in design to reduce the entities without creating data redundancy. According to Bennett et al. (2019), the uptake of non-relational and distributed databases is mainly in prototypes and pilots. Blockchain and distributed databases need more investigation in the domain of land administration to understand their capabilities. These are some possible software products that could be considered for developing the ePlan database.
A comprehensive optimization strategy for real-time spatial feature sharing and visual analytics in cyberinfrastructure
Published in International Journal of Digital Earth, 2019
For data exchange and interoperability across different platforms, some commonly used vector layer output formats are supported by WFS, including GML (Geography Markup Language; Cox et al. 2002), KML (Keyhole Markup Language), GeoJSON (Butler et al. 2008), CSV (Comma-Separated Values), etc. Among these formats, GML and GeoJSON are the most commonly used. GeoJSON is designed based on the JSON (JavaScript Objective Notation) format. In GeoJSON, each feature is encoded into an object which consists of a list of key-value pairs that correspond to the name and value of feature attributes. GML is defined by the OGC to express geographic features. Inside of the GML document, the features are organized as a list of XML (eXtensible Markup Language) nodes, where the geometry and attribute information are stored in different tags.
Modelling and publishing geographic data with model-driven and linked data approaches: case study of administrative units in Turkey
Published in Journal of Spatial Science, 2019
Arif Çağdaş Aydinoğlu, Abdullah Kara
These UML application schemas of the administrative units are encoded in ISO 19136 Geography Markup Language (GML). GML is an XML encoding for the storage and exchange of geographic data sets modelled in accordance with the ISO 19100 standards (OGC 2008). Geographic data sets are modelled as features in GML. Any feature has a unique ID encoded in the ‘gml:identifier’ attribute, many properties including geometry and simple attributes, and associations with other features (Schade and Cox 2010).