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Software
Published in Robert H. Chen, Chelsea Chen, Artificial Intelligence, 2022
Primarily for business and commercial use, the Common Business Oriented Language (COBOL) could more efficiently file, sort, merge, add, subtract, and calculate percentages over large sets of data, and conveniently generate reports, all using syntactical English. COBOL is still used by businesses and often is a legacy language stored in many companies’ mainframe archives for reference.
Personal reflections on 50 years of scientific computing: 1967–2017
Published in International Journal of Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems, 2020
Apparently I had a knack for writing and debugging machine language code, because the computing course instructor (Professor C. W. Buesking) asked me to become a lab assistant for the spring quarter of 1967. That experience led to an engineering co-op (cooperative education, a program whereby you alternated one quarter in school with one quarter working for industry) position in the summer of 1967 with U. S. Naval Ammunition Depot, Crane in Crane, Indiana (really, there is a naval ammunition depot in the centre of the state of Indiana, nowhere near an ocean or river). Crane had an early model IBM 360/30 (a modern CISC architecture, base 16) and was getting a Honeywell 2200, and the engineers and accountants were trying to figure out how to use them. Honeywell ran a short course on COBOL, and I mainly worked with IBM FORTRAN and Honeywell COBOL. The machines were restricted, and I had little access to them (other than some number theoretic computations I ran, and managed to justify to my superior as relevant to USNAD Crane).
What design education tells us about design theory: a pedagogical genealogy
Published in Digital Creativity, 2019
Maliheh Ghajargar, Jeffrey Bardzell
Yet within this curriculum, technical rationality nonetheless found its place even in the early days: in Dewey’s social sciences methodology course and in several practical workshops, such as interior design, lighting design, etc. And since 1970, technical rationality became even more emphasized, for instance in the science for citizens programme (e.g. physics and biology); mathematics programme (e.g. computer mathematics, game theory, and calculus); computer language systems, (e.g. COBOL and Fortran programming); and design (e.g. environmental design principles – human factors and ergonomics – mechanicals and paste-ups) (The Parsons New School 1970, 106, 109, 222, 227). As with Cooper Union, Parsons New School integrated technical rationality in service of a progressive and emancipatory agenda.