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Augmenting Haptic Perception in Surgical Tools
Published in Terry M. Peters, Cristian A. Linte, Ziv Yaniv, Jacqueline Williams, Mixed and Augmented Reality in Medicine, 2018
Randy Lee, Roberta L. Klatzky, George D. Stetten
Rendering in computer graphics refers to the process by which images (visual stimuli) are produced from two-dimensional scenes or three-dimensional (3D) models. In the context of haptics, rendering refers to the process by which tactile stimuli—for example, forces or vibrations—are presented to a user to convey information about a virtual object (Salisbury et al. 2004). High-fidelity haptic rendering therefore requires a method to sense user interaction in terms of position, velocity, or force, in multiple degrees of freedom (DoF), and subsequently to use that interaction to generate feedback forces against the user. Most commercially available haptic renderers (e.g., Geomagic Touch, Novint Falcon) are restricted to actuating in only the three translational DoF, using motors and pulleys that act on a stylus or ball. The Magnetically Levitated Haptic Device (MLHD) from Butterfly Haptics can actuate forces in all six DoF albeit over a smaller reachable volume (Berkelman and Hollis 1997, 2000).
Preliminaries
Published in Wong Gabriyel, Wang Jianliang, Real-Time Rendering: Computer Graphics with Control Engineering, 2017
In real-time computer graphics, 3D rendering refers to the process of generating a sequence of images that produces not just the animated effect of motion and change but the visual cue of depth for objects in the imagery given an external input or stimulus to the system. In typical applications, the goal is to provide visual feedback to the user when there is interaction via the human-computer interface. The speed at which each image, known as a frame, of the animation sequence is generated defines the performance of the system.
Three-dimensional interactive cursor based on voxel patterns for autostereoscopic displays
Published in Journal of Information Display, 2022
Vladimir Saveljev, Jung-Young Son, Choonsik Yim, Gwanghee Heo
In computer graphics, rendering is a process of creating an image based on the 3D model of the objects and their properties, such as texture. Typically, it is a view of a scene, which is photographed or calculated for a certain point in 3D, based on geometry, texture, lights, etc. In multiview imaging, this process has to be repeated for each view and then the rendered view images are displayed in a proper manner. For instance, some methods use multiple views (e.g. nine views in [13] and four views in [14]); however, to show the marker, they used to render views of the marker at each of its next locations. The rendering of multiple views is a critical, time-consuming and resource-consuming issue of 3D imaging, where special graphics processors are often used [15,16].