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Viterbi Decoders: High Performance Algorithms and Architectures
Published in Keshab K. Parhi, Takao Nishitani, Digital Signal Processing for Multimedia Systems, 2018
Herbert Dawid, Heinrich Meyr, Olaf J. Joeressen
For lower throughput applications, several clock cycles are available for a single ACS recursion. Here, the fact can be exploited that the trellis diagram for nonrecursive rate 1/n codes includes butterfly structures known from FFT processing. Since for rate 1/n codes, just a single bit is shifted into the encoder FSM, the transition function specifying the two predecessor states for a current state xk = {xK−2, … x0,k} is given by Z{m, xk) = {xK−3, …, x0,k), m} as stated in (15). These two predecessor states Z(0, xk) and Z(l,xk.) have exactly two successor states: {xK–2,k, …, x0,k} and {xK−2,k¯,…x0,k} with xK−2,k¯ denoting bit inversion. This results in the well known butterfly structure as shown in Fig. 16.12.
Space Debris Mitigation Based on Commercial Off-the-Shelf Technologies
Published in M. Madi, O. Sokolova, Space Debris Peril: Pathways to Opportunities, 2020
The SEE is a probabilistic effect caused by radiated particles. It can lead to single-event upsets (SEUs), which cause bit inversion of logical devices and memories. The effect of an SEU is based on characteristics measured by a particle radiation test. If necessary, software-based countermeasures can be adopted, such as the installation of an error correction code, to protect against SEUs. Simple intermittent resetting of the central processing unit (CPU) is also a countermeasure against SEUs for simple applications. The SEE can also cause single-event latch-ups (SELs), which cause tentative overcurrent conditions. In general, an SEL can be addressed by a swift power reset of the relevant devices.
Evolutionary Computation
Published in Anand Nayyar, Dac-Nhuong Le, Nhu Gia Nguyen, Advances in Swarm Intelligence for Optimizing Problems in Computer Science, 2018
Anand Nayyar, Surbhi Garg, Deepak Gupta, Ashish Khanna
Now, offspring becomes part of the population, replacing their parents. Mutation is applied on them, i.e., bit inversion of all bits takes place with probability Pm. Pm and Pc (probability of mutation and probability of crossover, respectively) are customizable parameters of the algorithm. General values are 0.01 and 0.8, respectively indicating the greater importance of crossover and mutation as a background operator (Jones, 2002).
Thermoelastic analysis and multi-objective optimal design of functionally graded flywheels for energy storage systems
Published in Engineering Optimization, 2020
Alper Uyar, Aytac Arikoglu, Guven Komurgoz, Ibrahim Ozkol
The genotype is built by a mixed-encoding approach, where the thicknesses h1 to h12 and the grading coefficient m are encoded with 15 bit Gray code (Gray 1953), while the material ID is value encoded. The Gray encoding eliminates the ‘Hamming cliff’ problem of binary encoding (Caruana and Schaffer 1988) and improves the chances of the mutation operator making incremental changes to the phenotype. A multi-point crossover with randomly selected crossover points is used to create the offspring from the genotype of the parents. The bit inversion mutation is applied to the Gray coded part, where a 0 bit becomes 1 and a 1 bit becomes 0 when mutated, and a value-changing mutation is applied to the remaining parts of the genotype.
Low-cost and high-performance visual guidance and navigation system for space debris removal
Published in Advanced Robotics, 2021
Shinichi Kimura, Eijiro Atarashi, Taro Kashiwayanagi, Kohei Fujimoto, Ryan Proffitt
SEE is a probabilistic effect due to the radiated particles. This can lead to single-event upsets (SEUs), causing a bit inversion of logical devices and memories. The effect of SEU relies on the characteristics measured by a particle radiation test. If necessary, software-based countermeasures, such as the installation of an error correction code, can be adopted to protect against SEUs. SEE might cause single-event latch-ups (SELs), which cause tentative overcurrent conditions. In general, an SEL can be addressed using a swift power reset of the relevant devices.