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14 Video File Transfer, Podcasting, and P2P
Published in Wes Simpson, Video Over IP, 2013
BitTorrent takes a different approach: The content files are broken up into smaller pieces before they are distributed. To find content, a user navigates with a standard web browser to find a website that describes a desired piece of content, which is represented by a “torrent” file. The user downloads this file, which is not the content; rather, it is meta-data about the pieces that make up the content file. The user's BitTorrent application then sends the “.torrent” file to a specified tracker, which is a form of server that tracks all of the clients that have received pieces of the file. The tracker responds to the requesting client with a list that gives a location for each piece of the file that is needed to make up the whole content file. The client is then able to download all of the content pieces from the listed locations, assemble them, and play the content for the user. These tracker systems could be seen as a single point of failure, but for content owners they provide a benefit: They keep track of which clients have which files.
Developing a Content Distribution System over a Secure Peer-to-Peer Middleware
Published in Qurban A. Memon, Distributed Networks, 2017
Ana Reyna, Maria-Victoria Belmonte, Manuel Díaz
As has already been mentioned in Section 9.2, the content discovery is responsible for finding the peers that provide a specific file in the network. Different content distribution systems implement this in different ways; for instance, BitTorrent [11] uses the torrent file that the user has to obtain, typically using search engines. Emule [10] stores this information in servers, and allows the user to search among them (hybrid). In COINS, service discovery can also be implemented in different ways; we opt for a full distributed content discovery taking advantage of SMEPP’s service discovery.
Sharing secured data on peer-to-peer applications using attribute-based encryption
Published in Journal of Information and Telecommunication, 2021
Nhan Tam Dang, Ha Manh Tran, Sinh Van Nguyen, Marcin Maleszka, Hai-Duong Le
Napster (Greenfeld & Taro, 2000) and BitTorrent (Cohen, 2003) are among the famous names built on the P2P system. Napster was in its prime age, very renowned for sharing and downloading music files using the peer-to-peer model. There was no debate about the benefits Napster brought to users. However, the intellectual property rights of producers and musicians were heavily violated. Metallica, Madonna, Nirvana were among many famous names who suffered a massive loss of income. Simultaneously, underground music bands steadily got their name widely spread because users shared and downloaded their music. BitTorrent later learned from Napster, and instead of storing full-size data on one node, BitTorrent divides data into many parts, and each node only holds a fraction of data. BitTorrent argues that just a fraction cannot be considered the original data, even if they are copyrighted data, and BitTorrent survived for many years with that logic. Soon, the law started changing to deal with the case of BitTorrent, and the access to BitTorrent gets restricted little by little.
The Origin and Development of Fuzzy Geometric Programming
Published in Fuzzy Information and Engineering, 2019
The fuzzy GP will attract all of us to further research because many aspects remain untouched. In the basic field, we shall consider the following topics. Fuzzy reverse GP, including a GP problem with mixed sign-terms, is much more complex than the fuzzy convex (resp. concave) GP and fuzzy PGP ; we want to continue to explore their properties.Fuzzy fractionation, extension, gray, and rough GP still need to be studied.GPs with intuitionistic fuzzy coefficients and fuzzy variables have yet to be further refined and expanded.Further solve real-world problems paradox with fuzzy GP.Solving fuzzy relation GP.Explore GP with discrete variables and coefficients.Fuzzy GP in application in BitTorrent-like Peer-to-Peer file sharing system.GP problem subject to max-product fuzzy relation inequalities. The local optimal solution of the GP problem subject to fuzzy relation inequalities is also its global optimal solution.Study of fuzzy GP classification.The export of fuzzy GP's genetic algorithm.