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Securing Future Autonomous Applications Using Cyber-Physical Systems and the Internet of Things
Published in Amit Kumar Tyagi, Niladhuri Sreenath, Handbook of Research of Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems, 2022
S. Sobana, S. Krishna Prabha, T. Seerangurayar, S. Sudha
Nowadays, most of the real time applications are widely depends on information and communication technologies (ICT). Today human tasks are replaced with the help of computers which increasing number of automations in different fields. This automation system (AS) is being merged with different aims such as interoperability, security, distributed processing, and heterogeneity [1]. An autonomous system is sometimes referred as a routing domain. The routing communication within the AS is carried out with the help of interior gateway protocol (IGP). Between the autonomous systems the routing information is shared with the help of border gateway protocol (BGP). A unique autonomous system number (ASN) is assigned by the BGP to an internet service provider (ISP) that connects all those organizations to the internet. As of August 2019, the total number of allocated ASNs exceeded 92,000.
Routing and Addressing
Published in Rui Valadas, OSPF and IS-IS, 2019
Needless to say, the Internet is a much larger and heterogeneous network than that of Figure 1.1. In fact, the Internet is, nowadays, the worldwide networking infrastructure, containing many dissimilar communication technologies. To deal with size and heterogeneity issues, the Internet is structured in several ways. The end-to-end routing is organized in two levels, one dealing with the communications over technologically homogeneous networks of limited geographical scope, and another abstracting the specificities of the various communication technologies (see Section 1.4.1).The Internet is organized in smaller networks, called subnets, that gather blocks of IP addresses sharing a common prefix, such that the destinations inside a given subnet can all be represented by a single entry at forwarding tables (see Section 1.4.2).The Internet is organized in administrative domains called Autonomous Systems (ASes), each running their own (intra-domain) routing protocols and communicating through an inter-AS routing protocol (currently BGP). In this way, the problem of determining end-to-end paths between hosts located far apart in the Internet is split into parts (see Section 1.4.3).We will discuss these issues in the next three sections.
Networks Fundamentals and Present Architectures
Published in Iannone Eugenio, Telecommunication Networks, 2017
The primary function of a BGP is to exchange information about the presence of network connections linking a BGP system with other BGP systems. This network connectivity information includes information on the list of autonomous systems that the BGP packet traverses. This is sufficient to build inside each LSR a local graph of the network that is the base to perform the routing loops needed to construct the routing table of the LSR.
Seismic risk analysis of a data communication network
Published in Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure, 2022
Simona Esposito, Alessio Botta, Melania De Falco, Adriana Pacifico, Eugenio Chioccarelli, Antonio Pescapè, Antonio Santo, Iunio Iervolino
Routing is based on the combination of two protocols: open shortest path first (OSPF), used for the internal reachability of the backbone, and border gateway protocol (BGP), used for the propagation of the routes regarding external networks. BGP is configured on all the routers in the first-level POPs and the edge routers of the external networks. Routes in the first-level POPs are also set as route reflector and have a full mesh of internal BGP sessions between them. The functionality of the route reflector is to logically divide the backbone in a set of clusters, to reduce the need of meshing of the BGP sessions to a single element of each cluster. The interior routing protocol, OSPF, is used for determining the address of the next hop router, while BGP carries the routing information of local networks to the backbone.
A Survey on Packet Switching Networks
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
Routing protocols have two different types: static and dynamic. In the static routing protocol, the routing table is not prepared automatically; instead, the network administrator prepares it, and whenever any change is required in the routing table, the network administrator updates it. The static routing protocol is divided into four types; standard static, default static, summary static, and floating static. The dynamic routing protocol automatically configures the routing table. The network administrator does not need to update or maintain the routing table. The dynamic routing protocol has further two categories of technologies/protocols; Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) and Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP). The IGP has further two types that are distance vector routing protocol and link-state routing protocol. These two categories of routing protocols have further different types, see figure 6. In comparison, the EGP has only one further type that is a path-vector routing protocol. Furthermore, the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is a path-vector routing protocol, see figure 6.
A dynamic network traffic classifier using supervised ML for a Docker-based SDN network
Published in Connection Science, 2021
Pritom Kumar Mondal, Lizeth P. Aguirre Sanchez, Emmanuele Benedetto, Yao Shen, Minyi Guo
SDN has emerged as a solution against the limitations of the traditional network, offering flow scheduling, better network monitoring, and centralised control while reducing maintenance and upgrade costs (Cui et al., 2016). SDN has been adopted in Google web search’s network using openflow from 2010 (David, 2020), and open-source routing protocols such as Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) and Intermediate System to Intermediate System (ISIS). Since 2012, Google has been working on a 100% openflow network because of flexibility and low latency. To increase link efficiency between data centres, B4 has been implemented in Google’s backbone, which reduces WAN link utilisation by 30% (Alsaeedi et al., 2019) Although SDN has a promising future, it is quite expensive and difficult to configure and test an SDN environment composed of real devices (Abar et al., 2020). Hence, Docker container-based virtual network can be a good alternative for testing SDN architectures.