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Light-Sensitive Materials: Silver Halide Emulsions, Photoresist, and Photopolymers
Published in Daniel Malacara-Hernández, Brian J. Thompson, Advanced Optical Instruments and Techniques, 2017
Sergio Calixto, Daniel J. Lougnot, Izabela Naydenova
Besides the use of photopolymers in HDS systems, photopolymers have been used in the fabrication of Holographic Optical Elements, such as volume and surface gratings, diffractive lenses and more. An example of Volume Holographic Optical Element (VHOE) is described in reference [352]. The authors report a time–sequential autostereoscopic 3D display with a directional backlight system based on VHOE. The photopolymer used was Bayfol. This VHOE is fabricated by interfering a pair of collimated reference beams and diverging object beams for each of the left and right eyes on a photopolymer film. By time sequentially illuminating the VHOE, similar to the reference beams, two object beams are reconstructed by diffraction. These object beams provide the left and right images alternately shown in a LCD. These images are formed in front of the observer's left and right eyes, from which s/he can finally perceive the 3D images.
Three-Dimensional Video Coding
Published in Ling Guan, Yifeng He, Sun-Yuan Kung, Multimedia Image and Video Processing, 2012
The primary usage scenario for multiview video is to support 3DV applications, where 3D depth perception of a visual scene is provided by a 3D display system. There are many types of 3D display systems [1] including classic stereo systems that require special-purpose glasses to more sophisticated multiview autostereoscopic displays that do not require glasses [2]. The stereo systems only require two views, where a left-eye view is presented to the viewer’s left eye, and a right-eye view is presented to the viewer’s right eye. The 3D display technology and glasses ensure that the appropriate signals are viewed by the correct eye. This is accomplished with either passive polarization or active shutter techniques. The multiview displays have much greater data throughput requirements relative to conventional stereo displays in order to support a given picture resolution, since 3D is achieved by essentially emitting multiple complete video sample arrays in order to form view-dependent pictures. Such displays can be implemented, for example, using conventional high-resolution displays and parallax barriers; other technologies include lenticular overlay sheets and holographic screens. Each view-dependent video sample can be thought of as emitting a small number of light rays in a set of discrete viewing directions—typically between eight and a few dozen for an autostereoscopic display. Often these directions are distributed in a horizontal plane, such that parallax effects are limited to the horizontal motion of the observer. A comprehensive review of 3D display technologies can be found in [3].
3D Augmented Reality-Based Surgical Navigation and Intervention
Published in Terry M. Peters, Cristian A. Linte, Ziv Yaniv, Jacqueline Williams, Mixed and Augmented Reality in Medicine, 2018
Zhencheng Fan, Cong Ma, Xinran Zhang, Hongen Liao
Indeed, 3D autostereoscopic images with accurate spatial information are highly sought after for surgical navigation and intervention. Using optimized parameters through quantitative calibration, an accurate 3D autostereoscopic display can be fabricated (Fan et al. 2017b). Rotational and translational calibration methods are proposed to quantitatively rectify the actual optical apparatus. Then, the principle parameters in the 3D display are evaluated through quantitative calibration of the 3D autostereoscopic display to ensure accurate 3D image rendering and display. To guarantee the real-time 3D image rendering and display, a flexible IV rendering pipeline with graphics processing unit (GPU) acceleration (Wang et al. 2013) can be utilized.
Large field-of-view microlens array with low crosstalk and uniform angular resolution for tabletop integral imaging display
Published in Journal of Information Display, 2023
Daerak Heo, Beomjun Kim, Sungjin Lim, Woonchan Moon, Dongkil Lee, Joonku Hahn
The autostereoscopic 3D display has the potential to provide realistic 3D content, and this technology has been actively studied [1–3]. The tabletop application of autostereoscopic displays particularly has the advantage of presenting realistic 3D content on a table [4–8], which is very useful for multiple users to work on a 3D model or review a design together. Tabletop displays require a viewing angle of 45 degrees or higher because the user watches the content on the table from about 45 degrees. Thus, most tabletop displays require much larger optics than 3D content to project the images. On the other hand, the 3D display in the InIm method uses an MLA to display 3D contents, and each lens projects a part of the 3D contents. Therefore, the distance from the lens to the image plane is very short, and the size of the 3D image and the optical system are similar [7,8]. This feature is a considerable advantage in tabletop applications since the size of the InIm display is significantly small compared to other 3D displays. Also, it is possible to expand the display size by increasing the number of lenses.
Analytical model of multiview autostereoscopic 3D display with a barrier or a lenticular plate
Published in Journal of Information Display, 2018
Vladimir Saveljev, Irina Palchikova
The proposed analytical model is based on the most typical structure and on most of the general geometric properties of autostereoscopic displays, and therefore covers a wide range of autostereoscopic displays and sensors. The model allows finding various geometric parameters of the autostereoscopic 3D display analytically, in a convenient closed form. An essential part of the model is the projection transformation. The discrete planes in the projected regions are equidistant (an essential feature of the projection model). A particular advantage of the projective form is in the uniform layout of regions; therefore, wider areas of regions can be observed at once. This makes the model a useful and flexible tool for various practical applications, including for the measurements of the optimal viewing distance (OVD) [35] and the estimation of the image quality [33] and wavelet transform [36].
Three-dimensional interactive cursor based on voxel patterns for autostereoscopic displays
Published in Journal of Information Display, 2022
Vladimir Saveljev, Jung-Young Son, Choonsik Yim, Gwanghee Heo
There are many known types of autostereoscopic displays (e.g. multiview, integral imaging, plenoptic, and light-field) [1,5,31–33]. Particularly, it is believed that the multiview displays have a few discrete parallaxes, the integral imaging supports the continuous parallax, and the plenoptic images allow refocusing. Nonetheless, the structure of the image in the image plane of these displays is similar [24], and in this paper, we are focused on the patterns in the image plane.